scholarly journals CCK-A and CCK-B receptors enhance olfactory recognition via distinct neuronal pathways.

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
M Lemaire ◽  
P Barnéoud ◽  
G A Böhme ◽  
O Piot ◽  
F Haun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Test ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Perforant Path ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Olfactory Recognition ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Memory Enhancing

We have previously reported that CCK-A receptor agonists and CCK-B receptor antagonists both enhance memory in an olfactory recognition test. Here, we report that the memory-enhancing effect of the CCK-B receptor antagonist L-365,260 (1 mg/kg i.p.), but not that of the CCK-A receptor agonist caerulein (0.03 mg/kg i.p.), was dramatically decreased following a bilateral transection of the perforant path, a principal source of input to the hippocampal formation. We further confirmed that a significant memory deficit occurred subsequent to this deafferentation of the hippocampus in untreated animals. In contrast, the effect of caerulein, but not that of L-365,260, was abolished following a bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. These results demonstrate that the hippocampal system plays a role in olfactory recognition and indicate that distinct neuronal pathways underlie the memory-enhancing effects of CCK-A and CCK-B drugs observed in the olfactory recognition test. The former effects (CCK-A) appear to involve a peripheral relay to the brain via the vagus nerve, whereas the latter (CCK-B) are directly central and involve, at least in part, the hippocampal system.

Biphasic modulation of voltage-dependent currents of retinal cones by cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55212-2

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHIH-FANG FAN ◽  
STEPHEN YAZULLA
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Cannabinoid Cb1 Receptor ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Goldfish Retina ◽  
Voltage Activation ◽  
Kinase A

Endogenous cannabinoids modulate neurotransmitter action and release in the brain. The effects are exerted on membrane permeability to Ca2+ and K+via protein kinase A (PKA). Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are present at the synaptic terminals of cones in goldfish retina. We investigated the effects of CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55212-2 on voltage-gated currents of goldfish cones. Whole-cell currents were recorded with conventional-patch-clamp methods in goldfish retinal slices. Depolarizing pulses elicited inward ICa and Ioutward that contained several components: IK, IA, and ICl. WIN 55212-2 (<1 μM) enhanced IK, ICl, and ICa, while at >1 μM, IK, ICl, and ICa were suppressed. The voltage-activation ranges of these currents were not affected. All effects of WIN 55212-2 were blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A as well as the PKA inhibitor Wiptide. The enhancing effect of WIN 55212-2 was blocked selectively by 0.5 nM cholera toxin and the suppressive effect was blocked by pertussis toxin. The results obtained from long and short single cones and double cones were basically the same.

scholarly journals Behavioral, Neurochemical and Neuroendocrine Effects of Abnormal Savda Munziq in the Chronic Stress Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurmuhammat Amat ◽  
Parida Hoxur ◽  
Dang Ming ◽  
Aynur Matsidik ◽  
Anake Kijjoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Traditional Uighur Medicine ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Abnormal Savda ◽  
Abnormal Savda Munziq ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Oral administration of Abnormal Savda Munsiq (ASMq), a herbal preparation used in Traditional Uighur Medicine, was found to exert a memory-enhancing effect in the chronic stressed mice, induced by electric foot-shock. The memory improvement of the stressed mice was shown by an increase of the latency time in the step-through test and the decrease of the latency time in the Y-maze test. Treatment with ASMq was found to significantly decrease the serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CORT) and -endorphin (-EP) as well as the brain and serum level of norepinephrine (NE). Furthermore, ASMq was able to significantly reverse the chronic stress by decreasing the brain and serum levels of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPAC). The results obtained from this study suggested that the memory-enhancing effect of ASMq was mediated through regulations of neurochemical and neuroendocrine systems.

scholarly journals Effects of Brain Size on Adult Neurogenesis in Shrews

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7664
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bartkowska ◽  
Krzysztof Turlejski ◽  
Beata Tepper ◽  
Leszek Rychlik ◽  
Peter Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Suncus Murinus ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neomys Fodiens ◽  
Migratory Stream

Shrews are small animals found in many different habitats. Like other mammals, adult neurogenesis occurs in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation. We asked whether the number of new generated cells in shrews depends on their brain size. We examined Crocidura russula and Neomys fodiens, weighing 10–22 g, and Crocidura olivieri and Suncus murinus that weigh three times more. We found that the density of proliferated cells in the SVZ was approximately at the same level in all species. These cells migrated from the SVZ through the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb (OB). In this pathway, a low level of neurogenesis occurred in C. olivieri compared to three other species of shrews. In the DG, the rate of adult neurogenesis was regulated differently. Specifically, the lowest density of newly generated neurons was observed in C. russula, which had a substantial number of new neurons in the OB compared with C. olivieri. We suggest that the number of newly generated neurons in an adult shrew’s brain is independent of the brain size, and molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis appeared to be different in two neurogenic structures.

scholarly journals The ex-illiterate brain: The critical period, cognitive reserve and HAROLD model

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vania Silva Nunes ◽  
Alexandre Castro-Caldas ◽  
Dolores Del Rio ◽  
Fernado Maestú ◽  
Tomás Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Test ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
High Educational Level ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Language Recognition ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The lifelong acquisition of cognitive skills shapes the biology of the brain. However, there are critical periods for the best use of the brain to process the acquired information. Objectives: To discuss the critical period of cognitive acquisition, the concept of cognitive reserve and the HAROLD (Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older adults) model. Methods: Seven women who learned how to read and to write after the age of 50 (ex-illiterates) and five women with 10 years of regular schooling (controls) were submitted to a language recognition test while brain activity was being recorded using magnetoencephalography. Spoken words were delivered binaurally via two plastic tubs terminating in ear inserts, and recordings were made with a whole head magnetometer consisting of 148 magnetometer coils. Results: Both groups performed similarly on the task of identifying target words. Analysis of the number of sources of activity in the left and right hemispheres revealed significant differences between the two groups, showing that ex-illiterate subjects exhibited less brain functional asymmetry during the language task. Conclusions: These results should be interpreted with caution because the groups were small. However, these findings reinforce the concept that poorly educated subjects tend to use the brain for information processing in a different way to subjects with a high educational level or who were schooled at the regular time. Finally, the recruiting of both hemispheres to tackle the language recognition test occurred to a greater degree in the ex-illiterate group where this can be interpreted as a sign of difficulty performing the task.

scholarly journals Memory enhancing effect of embelin against scopolamine-induced amnesia in Sprague Dawley rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhuvanendran Saatheeyavaane ◽  
Kumari Yatinesh ◽  
Othman Lekshan ◽  
Shaikh Mohd
Keyword(s):  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Memory Enhancing

scholarly journals Senescent Accelerated Prone 8 (SAMP8) Mice as A Model of Age Dependent Neuroinflammation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Fernández ◽  
Elena Quintana ◽  
Patricia Velasco ◽  
Belén de Andrés ◽  
Maria Luisa Gaspar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Inflammatory Changes ◽  
Samp8 Mice ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: Aging and age related diseases are strong risk factors for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation (NIF), as the brain's immune response, plays an important role in aged associated degeneration of central nervous system (CNS). The need of animal models that will allow us to understand and modulate this process is required for the scientific community. Methods: We have analyzed aging-phenotypical and inflammatory changes of brain myeloid cells (bMyC) in a senescent accelerated prone aged (SAMP8) mouse model, and compared with their resistant to senescence control (SAMR1). We have performed morphometric methods to evaluate the architecture of cellular prolongations and analyzed Iba1+ clustered cells with aging. To analyse specific constant brain areas we have performed stereology measurements of Iba1+ cells in the hippocampal formation. We have isolated bMyC from brain parenchyma (BP) and choroid plexus and meningeal membranes (m/Ch), and analyzed their response to systemic LPS- driven inflammation.Results: Aged 10 month old SAMP8 mice presents many of the hallmarks of aging-dependent neuroinflammation when compared with their senescence resistant control (SAMR1); ie, increase of protein aggregates, presence of Iba1+ clusters, but not increase in the number of Iba1+ cells. We have further observed and increased of main inflammatory mediator IL-1β, and augment of border MHCII+Iba1+ cells. Isolated CD45+ bMyC from brain parenchyma (BP) and choroid plexus and meningeal membranes (m/Ch) have been analyzed showing that there is not significant increase of CD45+ from the periphery. Our data support that aged-driven pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) transcription is mainly enhanced in CD45+BP cells. Furthermore, we are showing that LPS-driven systemic inflammation produces inflammatory cytokines mainly in the border bMyC, sensed to a lesser extent by the BP bMyC, and is enhanced in aged SAMP8 compared to control SAMR1.Conclusion: Our data validate the SAMP8 model to study age-associated neuroinflammatory events, but careful controls for age and strain are required. These animals show morphological changes in their bMyC cell repertoires associated to age, corresponding to an increase in the production of main pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, which predispose the brain to an enhanced inflammatory response after LPS-systemic challenge.

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