scholarly journals Neuronal tuning and associative mechanisms in form representation.

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-105
Author(s):  
K Sakai ◽  
Y Naya ◽  
Y Miyashita
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Form Representation ◽  
Association Area ◽  
Neuronal Tuning

We examine the hypothesis that the form representation in the anterior inferotemporal (AIT) cortex is acquired through learning. According to this hypothesis, perceptual aspects of the temporal association area are closely related to its visual representation, in that the response selectivity of AIT neurons can be influenced by visual experience. On the basis of the neurophysiological evidence, we summarize two neuronal mechanisms that subserve the acquisition of form selectivity in AIT neurons. The first mechanism is neuronal tuning to particular stimuli that were learned in a cognitive task. The second mechanism is association, with which relevant information can be retrieved from other stored memories. On the grounds that long-term memory of objects is acquired and organized by at least these two neuronal mechanisms in the temporal association area, we further present a model of the cognitive memory system that unifies perception and imagery.

Input to Verbal Working Memory

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Jacobsen ◽  
Erich Schröger
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Auditory Sensory Memory ◽  
Complex Tones ◽  
Informational Basis

Abstract. Working memory uses central sound representations as an informational basis. The central sound representation is the temporally and feature-integrated mental representation that corresponds to phenomenal perception. It is used in (higher-order) mental operations and stored in long-term memory. In the bottom-up processing path, the central sound representation can be probed at the level of auditory sensory memory with the mismatch negativity (MMN) of the event-related potential. The present paper reviews a newly developed MMN paradigm to tap into the processing of speech sound representations. Preattentive vowel categorization based on F1-F2 formant information occurs in speech sounds and complex tones even under conditions of high variability of the auditory input. However, an additional experiment demonstrated the limits of the preattentive categorization of language-relevant information. It tested whether the system categorizes complex tones containing the F1 and F2 formant components of the vowel /a/ differently than six sounds with nonlanguage-like F1-F2 combinations. From the absence of an MMN in this experiment, it is concluded that no adequate vowel representation was constructed. This shows limitations of the capability of preattentive vowel categorization.

scholarly journals Blockade of Cochlear NMDA Receptors Prevents Long-Term Tinnitus during a Brief Consolidation Window after Acoustic Trauma

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu J. Guitton ◽  
Yadin Dudai
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Antagonist ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Acoustic Trauma ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Paradigm ◽  
Important Form

Tinnitus, the perception of sound in the absence of external acoustic stimulation, is a common and devastating pathology. It is often a consequence of acoustic trauma or drug toxicity. The neuronal mechanisms of tinnitus are neither yet fully understood nor are effective treatments available. Using a novel behavioral paradigm for measuring tinnitus in the rat based on tone-guided navigation, we show here that the development of long-term noise-induced tinnitus, the most prevalent and clinically important form of human tinnitus, can be abated by local administration of the NMDA antagonist “ifenprodil” into the cochlea in the first 4 days following the noise insult but not afterwards. This suggests that long-term tinnitus undergoes a consolidation-like process, resembling the ontogeny of items in long-term memory. Furthermore, this finding paves the way to potential therapeutic strategies for the prevention of chronic tinnitus once the noise insult had taken place.

Neural Oscillation Correlates Chemistry Decision-Making

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yu Huang ◽  
Hsiao-Ching She ◽  
Tzyy-Ping Jung
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Neural Oscillation ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
The Given

This study explored the electroencephalography (EEG) dynamics during a chemistry-related decision-making task and further examined whether the correctness of the decision-making performance could be reflected by EEG activity. A total of 66 undergraduate students’ EEG were collected while they participated in a chemistry-related decision-making task in which they had to retrieve the relevant chemistry concepts in order to make correct decisions for each task item. The results showed that it was only in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) cluster that distinct patterns in EEG dynamics were displayed for the correct and incorrect responses. The logistic regression results indicated that ACC theta power from 300[Formula: see text]ms to 250[Formula: see text]ms before stimulus onset was the most informative factor for estimating the likelihood of making correct decisions in the chemistry-related decision-making task, while it was the ACC low beta power from 150[Formula: see text]ms to 250[Formula: see text]ms after stimulus onset. The results suggested that the ACC theta augmentation before the stimulus onset serves to actively maintain the relevant information for retrieval from long-term memory, while the ACC low beta augmentation after the stimulus onset may serve the function of mapping the encoded stimulus onto the relevant criteria that the given participant has held within his or her mind to guide the decision-making responses.

Size and position invariance of neuronal responses in monkey inferotemporal cortex

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ito ◽  
H. Tamura ◽  
I. Fujita ◽  
K. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Stimulus Size ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Inferotemporal Cortex ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Manner

1. Object vision is largely invariant to changes of retinal images of objects in size and position. To reveal neuronal mechanisms of this invariance, we recorded activities from single cells in the anterior part of the inferotemporal cortex (anterior IT), determined the critical features for the activation of individual cells, and examined the effects of changes in stimulus size and position on the responses. 2. Twenty-one percent of the anterior IT cells studied here responded to ranges of size > 4 octaves, whereas 43% responded to size ranges < 2 octaves. The optimal stimulus size, measured by the distance between the outer edges along the longest axis of the stimulus, ranged from 1.7 to 30 degrees. 3. The selectivity for shape was mostly preserved over the entire range of effective size and over the receptive field, whereas some subtle but statistically significant changes were observed in one half of the cells studied here. 4. The size-specific responses observed in 43% of the cells are consistent with recent psychophysical data that suggest that images of objects are stored in a size-specific manner in the long-term memory. Both size-dependent and -independent processing of images may occur in anterior IT.

Working memory: Unemployed but still doing day labor

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 760-769
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Ruchkin ◽  
Jordan Grafman ◽  
Katherine Cameron ◽  
Rita S. Berndt
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Target Article

The goal of our target article is to establish that electrophysiological data constrain models of short-term memory retention operations to schemes in which activated long-term memory is its representational basis. The temporary stores correspond to neural circuits involved in the perception and subsequent processing of the relevant information, and do not involve specialized neural circuits dedicated to the temporary holding of information outside of those embedded in long-term memory. The commentaries ranged from general agreement with the view that short-term memory stores correspond to activated long-term memory (e.g., Abry, Sato, Schwartz, Loevenbruck & Cathiard [Abry etal.], Cowan, Fuster, Grote, Hickok & Buchsbaum, Keenan, Hyönä & Kaakinen [Keenan et al.], Martin, Morra), to taking a definite exception to this view (e.g., Baddeley, Düzel, Logie & Della Sala, Kroger, Majerus, Van der Linden, Colette & Salmon [Majerus et al.], Vallar).

Working Memory Biases in Human Vision

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Soto ◽  
Glyn W. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Memory Biases ◽  
Intentional Control ◽  
Memory Contents ◽  
The Brain

The current conceptualization of working memory highlights its pivotal role in the cognitive control of goal-directed behaviour, for example, by keeping task-priorities and relevant information ‘online’. Evidence has accumulated, however, that working memory contents can automatically misdirect attention and observers can only exert little intentional control to overcome irrelevant contents held in memory that are known to be misleading for behaviour. The authors discuss extant evidence on this topic and argue that obligatory functional coupling between working memory and attentional selection reflects a default property of the brain which is hardwired in overlapping substrates for memory and perception. They further argue that the neuroanatomical substrates for working memory biases in vision are distinct from the classical fronto-parietal networks involved in attentional control and distinct from the mechanisms that mediate attention biases from long-term memory. Finally the authors present emerging evidence that working memory ‘guiding’ processes may operate outside conscious awareness.

scholarly journals Distinct dopamine neurons mediate reward signals for short- and long-term memories

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 578-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Yamagata ◽  
Toshiharu Ichinose ◽  
Yoshinori Aso ◽  
Pierre-Yves Plaçais ◽  
Anja B. Friedrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Short And Long Term

Drosophila melanogaster can acquire a stable appetitive olfactory memory when the presentation of a sugar reward and an odor are paired. However, the neuronal mechanisms by which a single training induces long-term memory are poorly understood. Here we show that two distinct subsets of dopamine neurons in the fly brain signal reward for short-term (STM) and long-term memories (LTM). One subset induces memory that decays within several hours, whereas the other induces memory that gradually develops after training. They convey reward signals to spatially segregated synaptic domains of the mushroom body (MB), a potential site for convergence. Furthermore, we identified a single type of dopamine neuron that conveys the reward signal to restricted subdomains of the mushroom body lobes and induces long-term memory. Constant appetitive memory retention after a single training session thus comprises two memory components triggered by distinct dopamine neurons.

scholarly journals CREB repressor in mushroom body enhances Drosophila LTM formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Shyn Chiang ◽  
Chun-Chao Chen ◽  
Hsuan-Wen Lin ◽  
Kuan-Lin Feng ◽  
Ruei-Yu Jhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Permanent Memory

Long-term memory (LTM) requires learning-induced synthesis of new proteins allocated to specific neurons and synapses in a neural circuit. Not all learned information, however, becomes permanent memory. How the brain gates relevant information into LTM remains unclear. In Drosophila adults, a single training session in an olfactory aversive task is not sufficient to induce protein synthesis-dependent LTM. Instead, multiple spaced training sessions are required. Here, we report that initial learning induces neural activity in the early α/β subset of Kenyon cells of the mushroom body (MB), and output from these neurons inhibits LTM formation. Specifically in response to spaced training, Schnurri activates CREBB expression which then appears to suppress the inhibitory output from MB. One training session can enhance LTM formation when this inhibitory effect is relieved. We propose that learning-induced protein synthesis and spaced training-induced CREBB act antagonistically to modulate output from early α/β MB neurons during LTM formation.

scholarly journals Working memory recruits long-term memory when it is beneficial: Evidence from the Hebb Effect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eda Mizrak ◽  
Klaus Oberauer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Serial Recall ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
New Order ◽  
Mediated Learning ◽  
Term Memory

When encoding task-relevant information in working memory (WM), we can use prior knowledge to facilitate task performance. For instance, when memorizing a phone number, we can benefit from recognizing some parts as known chunks (e.g., 911) and focus on memorizing the novel parts. Prior knowledge from long-term memory (LTM), however, can also proactively interfere with WM contents. Here, we show that WM selectively recruits information from LTM only when it is helpful, not when it would interfere. We used variants of the Hebb paradigm in which WM is tested through immediate serial recall of lists. Some lists were repeated frequently across trials, so they were acquired in LTM, as reflected in increasing serial-recall performance across repetitions. We compared interference conditions in which that LTM knowledge could interfere with holding another list in WM to a neutral condition in which that knowledge could be neither beneficial nor harmful. In Experiments 1-3, lists in the interference conditions shared their items with the learned lists but not their order. We observed no proactive interference. In Experiments 4 and 5, the interference lists’ first three items overlapped exactly with the learned lists, and only the remaining items had a new order This made LTM knowledge partially beneficial and partially harmful. Participants could use LTM flexibly to improve performance for the first part of the list without suffering interference on the second half. LTM-mediated learning of the first part even boosted memory for the unknown second part. We conclude that there is a flexible gate controlling the flow of information from LTM and WM so that LTM knowledge is recruited only when helpful.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

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