scholarly journals Tracking selective rehearsal and active inhibition of memory traces in directed forgetting

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Christin Fellner ◽  
Gerd T. Waldhauser ◽  
Nikolai Axmacher
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Intentional Control ◽  
Active Inhibition ◽  
Intentional Forgetting ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Neural Inhibition ◽  
Selective Rehearsal ◽  
Open Question

SummarySelectively remembering or forgetting newly encountered information is essential for goal-directed behavior. It is still an open question, however, whether intentional forgetting is an active process based on the inhibition of unwanted memory traces or whether it occurs passively through reduced recruitment of selective rehearsal [1,2]. Here we show that intentional control of memory encoding relies on both, enhanced active inhibition and decreased selective rehearsal, and that these two processes can be separated in time and space. We applied representational similarity analysis (RSA [3]) and timefrequency analysis to EEG data during an item-method directed forgetting experiment [4]. We identified neural signatures of both the intentional suppression and the voluntary upregulation of item-specific representations. Successful active forgetting was associated with a downregulation of item-specific representations in an early time window, 500ms after the instruction. This process was initiated by an increase in oscillatory alpha (8-13 Hz) power, a well-established signature of neural inhibition [5,6], in occipital brain areas. During a later time window, 1500ms after the cue, intentional forgetting was associated with reduced employment of active rehearsal processes, as reflected by an attenuated upregulation of item-specific representations as compared to intentionally encoded items. Our data show that active inhibition and selective rehearsal are two separate mechanisms whose consecutive employment allows for a voluntary control of memory formation.

scholarly journals Tracking Selective Rehearsal and Active Inhibition of Memory Traces in Directed Forgetting

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (13) ◽  
pp. 2638-2644.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Christin Fellner ◽  
Gerd T. Waldhauser ◽  
Nikolai Axmacher
Keyword(s):  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Active Inhibition ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Selective Rehearsal

scholarly journals Separable neural mechanisms support intentional forgetting and thought substitution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Hubbard ◽  
Lili Sahakyan
Keyword(s):  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Intentional Forgetting ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Oscillatory Power ◽  
Successful Retrieval ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Direct Suppression

AbstractPsychological and neuroscientific experiments have established that people can intentionally forget information via different strategies: direct suppression and thought substitution. However, few studies have directly compared the effectiveness of these strategies in forgetting specific items, and it remains an open question if the neural mechanisms supporting these strategies differ. Here, we developed a novel item-method directed forgetting paradigm with Remember, Forget, and Imagine cues, and recorded EEG to directly compare these strategies. Behaviorally, Forget and Imagine cues produced similar forgetting compared to Remember cues, but through separable neural processes; Forget cues elicited frontal oscillatory power changes that were predictive of future forgetting, whereas item-cue representational similarity was predictive of later accuracy for Imagine cues. These results suggest that both strategies can lead to intentional forgetting, but directed forgetting may rely on frontally-mediated suppression, while thought substitution may lead to contextual shifting, impairing successful retrieval.

scholarly journals Gaze-pattern similarity at encoding may interfere with future memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie klein Selle ◽  
Matthias Gamer ◽  
Yoni Pertzov
Keyword(s):  
Interference Effect ◽  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Pink Noise ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
Memory Control ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
The Way

AbstractHuman brains have a remarkable ability to separate streams of visual input into distinct memory-traces. It is unclear, however, how this ability relates to the way these inputs are explored via unique gaze-patterns. Moreover, it is yet unknown how motivation to forget or remember influences the link between gaze similarity and memory. In two experiments, we used a modified directed-forgetting paradigm and either showed blurred versions of the encoded scenes (Experiment 1) or pink noise images (Experiment 2) during attempted memory control. Both experiments demonstrated that higher levels of across-stimulus gaze similarity relate to worse future memory. Although this across-stimulus interference effect was unaffected by motivation, it depended on the perceptual overlap between stimuli and was more pronounced for different scene comparisons, than scene–pink noise comparisons. Intriguingly, these findings echo the pattern similarity effects from the neuroimaging literature and pinpoint a mechanism that could aid the regulation of unwanted memories.

scholarly journals Unattended Emotional Prosody Affects Visual Processing of Facial Expressions in Mandarin-Speaking Chinese: A Comparison With English-Speaking Canadians

2021 ◽  
pp. 002202212199089
Author(s):  
Pan Liu ◽  
Simon Rigoulot ◽  
Xiaoming Jiang ◽  
Shuyi Zhang ◽  
Marc D. Pell
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Emotional Prosody ◽  
Eastern Culture ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
English Speaking

Emotional cues from different modalities have to be integrated during communication, a process that can be shaped by an individual’s cultural background. We explored this issue in 25 Chinese participants by examining how listening to emotional prosody in Mandarin influenced participants’ gazes at emotional faces in a modified visual search task. We also conducted a cross-cultural comparison between data of this study and that of our previous work in English-speaking Canadians using analogous methodology. In both studies, eye movements were recorded as participants scanned an array of four faces portraying fear, anger, happy, and neutral expressions, while passively listening to a pseudo-utterance expressing one of the four emotions (Mandarin utterance in this study; English utterance in our previous study). The frequency and duration of fixations to each face were analyzed during 5 seconds after the onset of faces, both during the presence of the speech (early time window) and after the utterance ended (late time window). During the late window, Chinese participants looked more frequently and longer at faces conveying congruent emotions as the speech, consistent with findings from English-speaking Canadians. Cross-cultural comparison further showed that Chinese, but not Canadians, looked more frequently and longer at angry faces, which may signal potential conflicts and social threats. We hypothesize that the socio-cultural norms related to harmony maintenance in the Eastern culture promoted Chinese participants’ heightened sensitivity to, and deeper processing of, angry cues, highlighting culture-specific patterns in how individuals scan their social environment during emotion processing.

scholarly journals Blood gene expression-based prediction of lethality after respiratory infection by influenza A virus in mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Milanez-Almeida ◽  
Andrew J. Martins ◽  
Parizad Torabi-Parizi ◽  
Luis M. Franco ◽  
John S. Tsang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Transcriptional Signature ◽  
Affected Tissue ◽  
Using Data

AbstractLethality after respiratory infection with influenza A virus (IAV) is associated with potent immune activation and lung tissue damage. In a well-controlled animal model of infection, we sought to determine if one could predict lethality using transcriptional information obtained from whole blood early after influenza virus exposure. We started with publicly available transcriptomic data from the lung, which is the primary site of the infection and pathology, to derive a multigene transcriptional signature of death reflective of innate inflammation associated with tissue damage. We refined this affected tissue signature with data from infected mouse and human blood to develop and validate a machine learning model that can robustly predict survival in mice after IAV challenge using data obtained from as little as 10 μl of blood from early time points post infection. Furthermore, in genetically identical, cohoused mice infected with the same viral bolus, the same model can predict the lethality of individual animals but, intriguingly, only within a specific time window that overlapped with the early effector phase of adaptive immunity. These findings raise the possibility of predicting disease outcome in respiratory virus infections with blood transcriptional data and pave the way for translating such approaches to humans.

scholarly journals Mobile Interventional Stroke Teams Improve Outcomes in the Early Time Window for Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob R. Morey ◽  
Xiangnan Zhang ◽  
Naoum Fares Marayati ◽  
Stavros Matsoukas ◽  
Emily Fiano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scale Score ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Early Time ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Modified Rankin Scale ◽  
Large Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Endovascular Thrombectomy

Background and Purpose: Endovascular thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion stroke is a time-sensitive intervention. The use of a Mobile Interventional Stroke Team (MIST) traveling to Thrombectomy Capable Stroke Centers to perform endovascular thrombectomy has been shown to be significantly faster with improved discharge outcomes, as compared with the drip-and-ship (DS) model. The effect of the MIST model stratified by time of presentation has yet to be studied. We hypothesize that patients who present in the early window (last known well of ≤6 hours) will have better clinical outcomes in the MIST model. Methods: The NYC MIST Trial and a prospectively collected stroke database were assessed for patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy from January 2017 to February 2020. Patients presenting in early and late time windows were analyzed separately. The primary end point was the proportion with a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2) at 90 days. Secondary end points included discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scale. Results: Among 561 cases, 226 patients fit inclusion criteria and were categorized into MIST and DS cohorts. Exclusion criteria included a baseline modified Rankin Scale score of >2, inpatient status, or fluctuating exams. In the early window, 54% (40/74) had a good 90-day outcome in the MIST model, as compared with 28% (24/86) in the DS model ( P <0.01). In the late window, outcomes were similar (35% versus 41%; P =0.77). The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at discharge was 5.0 and 12.0 in the early window ( P <0.01) and 5.0 and 11.0 in the late window ( P =0.11) in the MIST and DS models, respectively. The early window discharge modified Rankin Scale was significantly better in the MIST model ( P <0.01) and similar in the late window ( P =0.41). Conclusions: The MIST model in the early time window results in better 90-day outcomes compared with the DS model. This may be due to the MIST capturing high-risk fast progressors at an earlier time point. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03048292.

What predicts poor outcome after successful thrombectomy in early time window?

2021 ◽  
pp. neurintsurg-2021-017946
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Olivot ◽  
Jeremy J Heit ◽  
Mikael Mazighi ◽  
Nicolas Raposo ◽  
Jean François Albucher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Early Time ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Modified Rankin Scale ◽  
Large Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Poor Outcome

BackgroundHalf of the patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO)-related acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who undergo endovascular reperfusion are dead or dependent at 3 months. We hypothesize that in addition to established prognostic factors, baseline imaging profile predicts outcome among reperfusers.MethodsConsecutive patients receiving endovascular treatment (EVT) within 6 hours after onset with Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b, 2c and 3 revascularization were included. Poor outcome was defined by a modified Rankin scale (mRS) 3–6 at 90 days. No mismatch (NoMM) profile was defined as a mismatch (MM) ratio ≤1.2 and/or a volume <10 mL on pretreatment imaging.Results187 patients were included, and 81 (43%) had a poor outcome. Median delay from stroke onset to the end of EVT was 259 min (IQR 209–340). After multivariable logistic regression analysis, older age (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.5; p=0.01), higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.25; p<0.0001), internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.2 to 8.0; p=0.021), and NoMM (OR 4.87, 95% CI 1.09 to 22.8; p=0.004) were associated with poor outcome. In addition, post-EVT hemorrhage (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.5 to 9.1; p=0.04) was also associated with poor outcome.ConclusionsThe absence of a penumbra defined by a NoMM profile on baseline imaging appears to be an independent predictor of poor outcome after reperfusion. Strategies aiming to preserve the penumbra may be encouraged to improve these patients’ outcomes.

Abstract 241: Retinoic Acid Promotes Metabolic Maturation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumei Miao ◽  
Xing Fang ◽  
Xiaoxiao Wang ◽  
Lingqun Ye ◽  
Jingsi Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cardiomyocyte Differentiation

Cardiomyocytes differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent a promising cell source for heart repair, disease modeling and drug testing. However, improving the differentiation efficiency and maturation of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) is still a major concern. Retinoic acid (RA) signaling plays multiple roles in heart development, and studies on RA can provide clues for understanding cardiomyocyte differentiation and maturation. In this study, we studied the roles of RA during cardiomyocyte differentiation and maturation, systematically. After adding RA at different stages of cardiomyocyte differentiation, we compared the efficiency of differentiation by quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry. We found that RA treatment at the lateral mesoderm stage (days 2-4) significantly improved cardiomyocyte differentiation, as evidenced by the upregulation of TNNT2, NKX2.5 and MYH6 on day 10 of differentiation. In addition, flow cytometry showed that the proportion of differentiated cardiomyocytes in the RA-treated group was significantly higher than that in control group. Furthermore, RA was added at different time intervals after purification to induce cardiomyocyte maturation. Our results demonstrated that RA treatment on days 15-20 increased cardiomyocyte area, sarcomere length, multinucleation and mitochondrial copy number, and promoted RNA splicing switch. Importantly, RA-treated cardiomyocytes showed decreased glycolysis and enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, with the increased utilization of fatty acid and exogenous pyruvate but not glutamine. In conclusion, our data indicated that RA treatment at an early time window (days 2-4) promotes the efficiency of cardiomyocyte differentiation and that RA treatment post beating (days 15-20) promotes cardiomyocyte metabolic maturation. The biphasic effects of RA provide new insights for improving cardiomyocyte differentiation and quality.

Early Inhibition of P-Selectin/P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 Reduces Intimal Hyperplasia in Murine Vein Grafts through Platelet Adhesion

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 (12) ◽  
pp. 2014-2024
Author(s):  
Chi-Nan Tseng ◽  
Ya-Ting Chang ◽  
Cih-Yi Yen ◽  
Mariette Lengquist ◽  
Malin Kronqvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Intimal Hyperplasia ◽  
Vein Graft ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Leukocyte Recruitment ◽  
Luminal Surface ◽  
Vein Grafts ◽  
Inflammatory Phase

AbstractInflammatory processes contribute to intimal hyperplasia (IH) and long-term failure of vein grafts used in bypass surgery. Leukocyte recruitment on endothelial cells of vessels during inflammation is regulated by P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), which also mediates the interaction between platelets and endothelial cells in vein grafts transferred to arteries. However, how this pathway causes IH in vein grafts is unclear. In this study, we used a murine model of vein grafting to investigate P-selectin-mediated platelet adhesion, followed by IH. On the luminal surface of the vein graft, leukocyte recruitment occurred mainly in areas with adhered platelets rather than on endothelial cells without adherent platelets 1 hour after vein grafting. Blockage of either P-selectin or PSGL-1 reduced platelet adhesion and leukocyte recruitment on the luminal surface of vein grafts. Inhibition of the P-selectin pathway in vein grafts significantly reduced platelet-mediated leukocyte recruitment and IH of vein grafts 28 days after surgery. The study demonstrates that functional blockage of the P-selectin/PSGL-1 pathway in the early inflammatory phase after vein grafting reduced leukocyte invasion in the vein graft wall and later IH development. The findings imply an attractive early time window for prevention of vein graft failure by manipulating platelet adhesion.

scholarly journals Directed forgetting of visual symbols: Evidence for nonverbal selective rehearsal

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1059-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Hourihan ◽  
Jason D. Ozubko ◽  
Colin M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Directed Forgetting ◽  
Visual Symbols ◽  
Selective Rehearsal
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