scholarly journals Counting the paternal founders of Austroasiatic speakers associated with the language dispersal in South Asia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prajjval Pratap Singh ◽  
Shani Vishwakarma ◽  
Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana ◽  
Arno Pilvar ◽  
Monika Karmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
Nested Structure ◽  
Austroasiatic Languages

AbstractThe phylogenetic analysis of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a-M95 was crucial to determine the nested structure of South Asian branches within the larger tree, predominantly present in East and Southeast Asia. However, it had previously been unclear how many founders brought the haplogroup O2a-M95 to South Asia. On the basis of the updated Y chromosomal tree for haplogroup O2a-M95, we analysed 1,437 male samples from South Asia for various downstream markers, carefully selected from the extant phylogenetic tree. With this increased resolution, we were able to identify at least three founders downstream to haplogroup O2a-M95 who are likely to have been associated with the dispersal of Austroasiatic languages to South Asia. The fourth founder was exclusively present amongst Tibeto-Burman speakers of Manipur and Bangladesh. In sum, our new results suggest the arrival of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia during last five thousand years.

scholarly journals Economic Implications of Deeper South Asian–Southeast Asian Integration: A CGE Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganeshan Wignaraja ◽  
Peter Morgan ◽  
Michael G. Plummer ◽  
Fan Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Asian Integration

Using a computable general equilibrium model, this paper estimates the potential gains from deepening integration across South Asia and Southeast Asia. If the two regions succeed in dropping inter-regional tariffs, reducing non-tariff barriers by 50 percent, and decreasing inter-regional trade costs by 15 percent—which the paper suggests are ambitious but nevertheless attainable—welfare in South Asia and Southeast Asia would rise by 8.9 percent and 6.4 percent of GDP, respectively, by 2030. Hence, we conclude that deepening South Asian regional cooperation together with building links to Southeast Asia would pay off rich dividends.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF CAMBODIAN CYPERACEAE

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-220
Author(s):  
K. Tremetsberger ◽  
S. Hameister ◽  
D. A. Simpson ◽  
K.-G. Bernhardt
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Cryptic Variation ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Radiations

To date, there are very few sequence data for Cyperaceae from mainland Southeast Asia. The aim of the present study was to contribute nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of selected species of Cambodian Cyperaceae to the overall phylogeny of the family. We generated ITS sequences of 38 accessions representing 26 species from Cambodia and used these sequences for phylogenetic analysis together with similar sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank. Our results corroborate recent phylogenetic work in the family and largely confirm established tribal relationships. The backbone of the phylogenetic tree of species-rich genera that have undergone rapid radiations is often weakly resolved (e.g. in Fimbristylis and in the C4 clade of Cyperus). Cryptic variation was revealed in the taxonomically difficult group of Fimbristylis dichotoma, with samples of this taxon appearing in two distinct clades within Fimbristylis. Further addition of geographically spread accessions of taxa will improve our understanding of the complex biogeographical history of the genera in the family. Eleocharis koyamae Tremetsb. & D.A.Simpson is proposed as a new name for E. macrorrhiza T. Koyama.

scholarly journals Congruence Between Molecular Data and Morphology: Phylogenetic Position of Senodoniini (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Kundrata ◽  
Alexander S. Prosvirov ◽  
Dominik Vondracek ◽  
Eliska Sormova
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Click Beetles ◽  
East And Southeast Asia

Senodoniini is a small lineage of click beetles currently comprising 21 species in two genera, distributed in the Himalayas and East and Southeast Asia. The definition and limits of this group have changed considerably during its history. Recent authors treat Senodoniini as a tribe within Dendrometrinae, usually close to Dimini, but this placement has never been rigorously tested. Here, we shed new light on the systematic position and limits of Senodoniini by performing a combined phylogenetic analysis of two nuclear and two mitochondrial molecular markers. Our results recovered Senodoniini not monophyletic, and placed them into the Lissominae complex, where they formed a clade with Austrelater Calder & Lawrence (Protelaterini). Molecular phylogeny is in agreement with the adult morphology. Additionally, we examined the morphology of a monotypic genus Rostricephalus Fleutiaux from Southeast Asia, which was previously classified in various Elateridae groups including Senodoniini, and its position was always uncertain. This genus shares morphological characters with Protelaterini. We provide morphological redescriptions as well as the figures of main diagnostic characters for Senodonia Laporte, Sossor Candèze, and Rostricephalus. Based on our results, we place these genera to Lissominae: Protelaterini, and hence synonymize Senodoniini Schenkling with Protelaterini Schwarz.

scholarly journals South Asia

2019 ◽  
pp. 531-556
Author(s):  
S.R. Osmani
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
The Political ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
East And Southeast Asia

Soon after independence from British rule, the South Asia region seemed to have a much better prospect than many other parts of the developing world; the prospects soon dimmed, however, as South Asia crawled while East and Southeast Asia galloped away. But a large part of the region seems finally to have turned a corner and is looking forward to a much better future—in terms of growth, poverty reduction and human development. This chapter describes and explains this story in terms of economic strategies and the political economy of the region and also looks ahead to identify the major challenges that remain—focusing on Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

Contemporary Tantric Buddhist Traditions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Tibetan Diaspora ◽  
The World ◽  
East And Southeast Asia

Tantric Buddhist traditions emerged in South Asia during the seventh century c.e., and rapidly spread into Central, East, and Southeast Asia. One of the most notable features of these traditions was the presence of antinomian elements. Many tantric scriptures contain descriptions of rituals involving violence as well as sexual practices. These works led to resistance to tantric traditions in some cultural contexts. They became well established in Tibet, and have spread throughout the world with the Tibetan diaspora from 1959 onward. The dissemination of tantric traditions in the contemporary world, however, has arguably been hindered by problems relating to the transgressive texts and rituals preserved by these traditions. These include controversies concerning the continued practice of violent rituals, as well as the sexual abuse of students by tantric masters who evidently secretly maintain the practice of tantric sexual rituals.

scholarly journals The New Members of Filoviridae Family: Distribution, Natural Reservoirs, Potential Epidemic Danger

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-336
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Genomic Rna ◽  
New Members ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Depth Study

The purpose of the work is to analyze the distribution, natural reservoirs and potential epidemic hazard of new members of the Filoviridae family – Bombali viruses (genus Ebolavirus), Lloviu (genus Cuevavirus), Mengla (genus Dianlovirus), Xylang (genus Striavirus), and Hungjiao (genus Th amnovirus). New filoviruses were detected in Africa (Bombali virus), Europe (Llovi virus) and in Southeast Asia (Mengla, Xylang and Hungjiao viruses). Bats are a natural reservoir for all known fi loviruses. Th is fact is confi rmed by the information about the detection of genomic RNA and virus-specifi c antibodies in them. Th e isolation of the genomic RNA of fi loviruses from bats with the subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis made it possible to identify the Bombali, Lloviu, Mengla, Xylang and Hungjiao viruses as new representatives of the Filoviridae family and to establish their position on the phylogenetic tree of the Filoviridae family. Despite the current lack of information about the isolation of biologically active virus from bats, as well as in spite of lack of established connection between new fi loviruses and human diseases, the information that newly identifi ed fi loviruses use the same receptors (Neumann-Peak protein) to enter sensitive cells, as the Ebola and Marburg viruses, that are pathogenic for humans, the possible pathogenetic potential of new fi loviruses poses a great threat to people living in the territories, inhabited by bats. Th e possibility of the emergence of new emergent fi lovirus infections on the territory of Russia necessitates an in-depth study of bats as a natural reservoir of fi loviruses in nature

scholarly journals Green Technology Innovation, Globalization, and CO2 Emissions: Recent Insights from the OBOR Economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Ahmer Bilal ◽  
Xiaoping Li ◽  
Nanli Zhu ◽  
Ridhima Sharma ◽  
Atif Jahanger
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
Information And Communication

This study explores the connection between technological innovation, globalization, and CO2 emissions by controlling the critical influence of information and communication technology (ICT) and economic growth in a panel of One Belt One Road (OBOR) countries from 1991 to 2019, utilizing advanced and robust econometric strategies (second generation). In addition, this study also uses an interaction variable (TI*GLOB) to check the interaction role of technological innovation on the linkage between globalization and CO2 emission, besides their direct effect on CO2 emissions in OBOR countries. The outcomes revealed that the linkage between technological innovation and CO2 emissions is negative, and statically significant in all the regions (e.g., OBOR, South Asia, East and Southeast Asia, MENA, Europe, and Central Asia). Moreover, the results of globalization show a significant positive relationship with CO2 emissions in OBOR and South Asia region. Nevertheless, it significantly negatively affects environmental pollution in East and Southeast Asia, MENA, Europe, and Central Asia. The results of TI*GLOB indicate that, for the OBOR sample, East and Southeast Asia, and Central Asia, the moderation effects of technological innovation with globalization are significantly negatively associated with CO2 emissions. However, in MENA and Europe, the interaction effect is a significant positive. The coefficient of ICT for OBOR, Europe, and Central Asia are positive and statistically significant; however, for East, Southeast Asia, and MENA regions, these results are statistically negative. Furthermore, the findings are robust, according to various robustness checks that we have performed for checking the reliability of our main findings. The study establishes numerous polities and makes various recommendations, in light of relevant conclusions.

scholarly journals The Impact of R&D Input on Technological Innovation: Evidence from South Asian and Southeast Asian Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Lei Lv ◽  
Yuchen Yin ◽  
Yuanchang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Technical Innovation ◽  
Multiple Models ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

In the era of the rapid development of knowledge economy and science, all countries have thought highly of technical innovation and greatly increased the R&D input for it. However, the research on the impact of R&D input on technical innovation lacks specialized, cross-country, and cross-time investigations, and especially, the research on small countries such as South Asia and Southeast Asia where technical innovation is relatively backward. So, does R&D input in South Asia and Southeast Asia have an impact on technical innovation and to what extent? Let us analyze the panel data of 18 countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia from 2001 to 2018, use three methods of unit root test to test the stationarity of variables, adopt the Kao cointegration test to test a stable long-term relationship between the variables, and then, respectively, carry out the transnational regression analysis of the difference between patent applications, scientific journal articles, and the R&D input with multiple models. Finally, the heteroscedasticity robust fixed-effect model is found to be the most suitable for this study after the comparative analysis of multiple models. Through the fixed-effect intercepts of each country in the heteroscedasticity robust fixed-effect models, South Asian and Southeast Asian countries are divided into three levels, and each level lists a set of equations. So, the following conclusions are drawn: both R&D expenditure and manpower input in South Asia and Southeast Asia significantly promote technological innovation; the efficiency of both R&D expenditure and manpower input promoting technological innovation in South Asia and Southeast Asia is low and needs to be improved. These conclusions provide references for policymakers in some countries where technological innovation is relatively backward, especially in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Timor-Leste, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, and Nepal.

Investment Flows from Japan and China to South Asia: Are They Matching with the Economic Prospects of the Region?

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1520-1535
Author(s):  
Munim K. Barai
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Japanese Investment ◽  
The World ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Japan And China

In 2013, China and Japan accounted for about 16.8 per cent of world’s outward investment and 6.1 per cent of outstanding FDI stocks. Due to underlying objectives and strategies, they seem to differ in selecting economies for their investment. While the Japanese investors invest distinctively more in the developed economies, the Chinese investors invest mainly in the developing countries. This article, however, looks into the Chinese and Japanese investment in the South Asian economies and finds that they are yet to channel any significant amount of FDI to this region. This contrasts the investment positions that the Chinese and Japanese investors have followed in the economies of East and Southeast Asia. At the moment, Japan has much higher investment stocks than China’s in South Asia, though the Chinese investment in the region is catching up. However, the article argues that investments from these two major investing countries have not matched with the economic growth record and prospects of the region. In fact, most of the countries in the SAARC have the potential to grow more quickly than many other parts of the world, and Japan and China should take notice of this fact while devising their investment approach.

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