scholarly journals Differential effects of ethanol on behavior and GABAA receptor subunit expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) with alternative stress coping styles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Goodman ◽  
Ryan Y. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Lower Stress ◽  
Neurotransmitter Systems ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
Subunit Expression ◽  
Brain Gaba

AbstractVariation in stress responses between individuals is linked to factors ranging from stress coping styles to sensitivity of neurotransmitter systems. Many anxiolytic compounds (e.g. ethanol) can increase stressor engagement through modulation of neurotransmitter systems and are used to investigate stress response mechanisms. Here we assessed the role of the GABAA system on the variation of the behavioral stress response by comparing individuals differing in stress coping styles that were chronically treated with ethanol. Specifically, we investigated resulting changes in stress-related behavior and whole-brain GABAA receptor subunits (gabra1, gabra2, gabrd, & gabrg2) in response to a novelty stressor. There were significant main and interaction effects on two stress-related behaviors, where the ethanol-treated proactive individuals showed lower stress-related behaviors than their reactive counterparts. Proactive individuals showed significantly higher expression of gabra1, gabra2, and gabrg2 compared to reactive individuals and ethanol treatment resulted in upregulation of gabra1 and gabrg2 in both stress coping styles. These results show that differences in stress-related behaviors between stress coping styles may be facilitated in part by expression of select GABAA receptor subunits.

scholarly journals Flavonoids: Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Shweta Devi ◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Sandeep Kumar Singh ◽  
Ashish Kant Dubey ◽  
Jong-Joo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cellular Stress Response ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Cellular Stress Responses

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD), are the most concerning disorders due to the lack of effective therapy and dramatic rise in affected cases. Although these disorders have diverse clinical manifestations, they all share a common cellular stress response. These cellular stress responses including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, proteotoxicity, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress, which combats with stress conditions. Environmental stress/toxicity weakened the cellular stress response which results in cell damage. Small molecules, such as flavonoids, could reduce cellular stress and have gained much attention in recent years. Evidence has shown the potential use of flavonoids in several ways, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic, yet their mechanism is still elusive. This review provides an insight into the potential role of flavonoids against cellular stress response that prevent the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.

scholarly journals Loss of mGluR5 in D1 Receptor-Expressing Neurons Improves Stress Coping

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7826
Author(s):  
Luca Zangrandi ◽  
Claudia Schmuckermair ◽  
Hussein Ghareh ◽  
Federico Castaldi ◽  
Regine Heilbronn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Internal States

The metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) has been proposed to play a crucial role in the selection and regulation of cognitive, affective, and emotional behaviors. However, the mechanisms by which these receptors mediate these effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we studied the role of mGluR5 located in D1 receptor-expressing (D1) neurons in the manifestation of different behavioral expressions. Mice with conditional knockout (cKO) of mGluR5 in D1 neurons (mGluR5D1 cKO) and littermate controls displayed similar phenotypical profiles in relation to memory expression, anxiety, and social behaviors. However, mGluR5D1 cKO mice presented different coping mechanisms in response to acute escapable or inescapable stress. mGluR5D1 cKO mice adopted an enhanced active stress coping strategy upon exposure to escapable stress in the two-way active avoidance (TWA) task and a greater passive strategy upon exposure to inescapable stress in the forced swim test (FST). In summary, this work provides evidence for a functional integration of the dopaminergic and glutamatergic system to mediate control over internal states upon stress exposure and directly implicates D1 neurons and mGluR5 as crucial mediators of behavioral stress responses.

scholarly journals The Rcs System in Enterobacteriaceae: Envelope Stress Responses and Virulence Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Meng ◽  
Glenn Young ◽  
Jingyu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Virulence Regulation ◽  
Bacterial Interaction ◽  
Envelope Stress

The bacterial cell envelope is a protective barrier at the frontline of bacterial interaction with the environment, and its integrity is regulated by various stress response systems. The Rcs (regulator of capsule synthesis) system, a non-orthodox two-component regulatory system (TCS) found in many members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is one of the envelope stress response pathways. The Rcs system can sense envelope damage or defects and regulate the transcriptome to counteract stress, which is particularly important for the survival and virulence of pathogenic bacteria. In this review, we summarize the roles of the Rcs system in envelope stress responses (ESRs) and virulence regulation. We discuss the environmental and intrinsic sources of envelope stress that cause activation of the Rcs system with an emphasis on the role of RcsF in detection of envelope stress and signal transduction. Finally, the different regulation mechanisms governing the Rcs system’s control of virulence in several common pathogens are introduced. This review highlights the important role of the Rcs system in the environmental adaptation of bacteria and provides a theoretical basis for the development of new strategies for control, prevention, and treatment of bacterial infections.

The Potential Role of a Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor-1 Antagonist in Psychiatric Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 467-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Stahl ◽  
Dana D. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Recovering Alcoholic ◽  
Mood And Cognition ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a key mediator of the stress response in humans. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptor (CRFR-1) in the pituitary gland is a gatekeeper for that response, and the CRFR-1 receptor is also present in many other mood- and cognition-related neural structures. Behaviorally, a number of relationships between stress and psychiatric disorders can be observed: chronic or repeated stress is associated with onset of depression; stressors can cause a recovering alcoholic to relapse; overactive stress responses mark many anxiety disorders; and insomnia can arise from an overactive stress response. Thus, a CRFR-1 antagonist could be useful for treating or preventing the consequences of CRF-mediated stress in depression, anxiety, insomnia, and substance abuse.

scholarly journals Role of VTC4 in Stress Response and Regulation of Inorganic Polyphosphate Levels in Yeast

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Tomashevsky ◽  
Ekaterina Kulakovskaya ◽  
Ludmila Trilisenko ◽  
Tatiana Kulakovskaya ◽  
Alexey Fedorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Phosphate Uptake ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Alkaline Stress ◽  
Inorganic Polyphosphate ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
Related Stress

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is an important factor of stress tolerance in microbial cells. In yeast, the major enzyme of polyP biosynthesis is Vtc4, a subunit of the vacuole transporter chaperone (VTC) complex. In this study, we demonstrated that Vtc4 knockout in Saccharomyces cerevisiae not only decreased polyP content but also caused shifts in the composition of the intracellular polyP pool and changed the stress tolerance profile. In the mutant S. cerevisiae, the level of short-chain acid-soluble polyPs was decreased nearly 10-fold, whereas that of longer acid-insoluble polyPs was decreased only 2-fold, suggesting the existence of other enzymes compensating the production of long-chain polyPs. The Δvtc4 mutant showed inhibition of Mg2+-dependent phosphate uptake and decreased resistance to alkaline stress but increased tolerance to oxidation and heavy metal ions, especially Mn2+. Quantitative PCR revealed the upregulation of the DDR2 gene implicated in multiple stress responses and downregulation of PHO84 encoding a phosphate and Mn2+ transporter, which could account for the effects on phosphate uptake and Mn2+-related stress response in the Δvtc4 mutant. Our study indicates that short-chain polyPs, plays an important role in the regulation of stress response in yeast.

scholarly journals Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Plant Stress Response

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balaji Aravindhan Pandian ◽  
Rajendran Sathishraj ◽  
Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman ◽  
P.V. Vara Prasad ◽  
Mithila Jugulam
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Plant Stress Response ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Domains Of Life

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are the largest enzyme family involved in NADPH- and/or O2-dependent hydroxylation reactions across all the domains of life. In plants and animals, CYPs play a central role in the detoxification of xenobiotics. In addition to this function, CYPs act as versatile catalysts and play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, antioxidants, and phytohormones in higher plants. The molecular and biochemical processes catalyzed by CYPs have been well characterized, however, the relationship between the biochemical process catalyzed by CYPs and its effect on several plant functions was not well established. The advent of next-generation sequencing opened new avenues to unravel the involvement of CYPs in several plant functions such as plant stress response. The expression of several CYP genes are regulated in response to environmental stresses, and they also play a prominent role in the crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses. CYPs have an enormous potential to be used as a candidate for engineering crop species resilient to biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this review is to summarize the latest research on the role of CYPs in plant stress response.

scholarly journals Integrated stress response restricts macrophage necroptosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e202101260
Author(s):  
David E Place ◽  
Parimal Samir ◽  
RK Subbarao Malireddi ◽  
Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Stress Granule ◽  
Integrated Stress Response ◽  
Signaling Axis ◽  
Stressed Cells

The integrated stress response (ISR) regulates cellular homeostasis and cell survival following exposure to stressors. Cell death processes such as apoptosis and pyroptosis are known to be modulated by stress responses, but the role of the ISR in necroptosis is poorly understood. Necroptosis is an inflammatory, lytic form of cell death driven by the RIPK3-MLKL signaling axis. Here, we show that macrophages that have induced the ISR are protected from subsequent necroptosis. Consistent with a reduction in necroptosis, phosphorylation of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL is reduced in macrophages pre-treated with ISR-inducing agents that are challenged with necroptosis-inducing triggers. The stress granule component DDX3X, which is involved in ISR-mediated regulation of pyroptosis, is not required for protecting ISR-treated cells from necroptosis. Disruption of stress granule assembly or knockdown of Perk restored necroptosis in pre-stressed cells. Together, these findings identify a critical role for the ISR in limiting necroptosis in macrophages.

scholarly journals He who dares only wins sometimes: physiological stress and contest behaviour in Xiphophorus helleri

Behaviour ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 149 (9) ◽  
pp. 977-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Boulton ◽  
B. Sinderman ◽  
M.R. Pearce ◽  
R.L. Earley ◽  
A.J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Contest Outcome ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Contest Behaviour

While many factors influence contest outcome and social dominance in animals, there is increasing interest in behavioural-physiological stress-coping styles. Causality, however, is often ambiguous; is physiological state determined by contest outcome or vice versa? Furthermore, experimental protocols may themselves induce stress responses that impact individual behaviour and, thus, potentially contest outcome. Here we test whether latency to recover from acute stress, measured both physiologically and behaviourally, predicts who initiates and who wins dyadic contests between pairs of male green swordtails (Xiphophorous helleri). In line with our predictions, animals that recovered faster (behaviourally) from disturbance created by the experimental protocol prior to meeting an opponent were more likely to initiate contests; however, they were not more likely to win and, contrary to expectations, had higher pre-contest cortisol levels than their opponents. They also showed greater physiological stress responses to the experiment as determined from the difference between pre- and post-contest cortisol levels. Moreover, stress response was independent of whether a contest escalated. In contradiction to evidence found in other taxa and fish systems, the suite of traits that we measured were not correlated in a manner that allowed classification of the animals into the usual reactive and proactive stress-coping styles. Our results suggest that coping style may play a key role in determining which individual initiates a contest, but that other factors govern contest outcome.

scholarly journals The Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein protects the lung from xenobiotic stress by facilitating the Integrated Stress Response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deblina Sain Basu ◽  
Rital Bhavsar ◽  
Imtiyaz Gulami ◽  
Saimanoz Lingamallu ◽  
Ravi Muddashetty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Integrated Stress Response ◽  
Fragile X Mental Retardation ◽  
Mental Retardation Protein

Stress response pathways protect the lung from the damaging effects of environmental toxicants. Here we investigate the role of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), a multifunctional protein implicated in stress responses, in the lung. We report that FMRP is expressed in murine and human lungs, in the airways and more broadly. Analysis of airway stress responses in mice and in a murine cell line ex vivo, using the well-established Naphthalene (Nap) injury model, reveals that FMRP-deficient cells exhibit increased expression of markers of oxidative and genotoxic stress and increased cell death. We find that FMRP-deficient cells fail to actuate the Integrated Stress Response Pathway (ISR) and upregulate the transcription factor ATF4. Knockdown of ATF4 expression phenocopies the loss of FMRP. We extend our analysis of the role of FMRP to human bronchial BEAS-2B cells, using a 9, 10-Phenanthrenequinone air pollutant model, to find that FMRP-deficient BEAS-2B also fail to actuate the ISR and exhibit greater susceptibility. Taken together, our data suggest that FMRP has a conserved role in protecting the airways by facilitating the ISR.

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