scholarly journals Valuing Carbon Stocks across a Tropical Lagoon after Accounting for Black and Inorganic Carbon: Bulk Density Proxies for monitoring

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Barry Gallagher ◽  
Swee-Theng Chew ◽  
John Madin ◽  
Anitra Thorhaug
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Payment Incentives ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Linear Correlations

ABSTRACTManaging seagrass and mangrove can be enhanced through carbon valued payment incentives schemes. Success will depend on the accuracy and extent of the carbon stock mitigation and accessible methods of monitoring and marking changes. In a relatively closed socioecological Southeast Asian lagoon we estimated the value of total organic carbon stocks (TOC) of both seagrass and mangroves. Mitigation corrections were also made for black carbon (BC) and calcareous inorganic carbon equivalents (PICequiv), and their sediment dry bulk density (DBD) tested as a cost effective means of both estimating those stock concepts and possible impacts outside their parameter confidence intervals. Overall, seagrass and mangroves TOC densities across the lower lagoon ranged from 15.3±4.3 and 124.3±21.1 Mg C ha-1 respectively, 175.2±46.9 and 103.2±19.0 Mg C ha-1 for seagrass and 355.0±24.8 and 350.3±35.2 Mg C ha-1) for mangroves across the two upper lagoon branches. Only mangrove biomass made significant additional contributions ranging from 178.5±62.3 to 120.7±94.8 Mg C ha-1 for lower and upper regions respectively. The difference between the lagoons total seagrass and mangroves TOC stocks (5.98±0.69 and 390±33.22 GgC respectively) was further amplified by the lagoons’ larger mangrove area. When corrected for BC and PICequiv, the carbon stock mitigation was only reduced by a moderate 14.2%. Across the lagoon the sedimentary DBD showed strong (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.001) to moderate (R2 = 0.67, P < 0.001) linear correlations with seagrass and mangrove [TOC] respectively, moderate correlations with seagrass [PIC] (R2 = 0.6, P < 0.001), but an invariant and relatively constant response to mangrove [PIC] (2.7 kg m-3 ± 0.07). Valuations as CO2e was worth on average 0.44 million US$ y-1 over 20 years; less than the total income of the indigenous users as potential custodians (1.8 and 7.4 million US$ y-1). Implications of this valuation was discussed.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Assessment of the Heart Rate Corrected QT Interval Using a Mobile Electrocardiogram Device

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Giudicessi ◽  
Matthew Schram ◽  
J. Martijn Bos ◽  
Connor D. Galloway ◽  
Jacqueline B. Shreibati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Qt Interval ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Qtc Prolongation ◽  
Corrected Qt Interval ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Congenital Lqts

Background: Heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation, whether secondary to drugs, genetics including congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS), and/or systemic diseases including SARS-CoV-2-mediated COVID19, can predispose to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Currently, QTc assessment and monitoring relies largely on 12-lead electrocardiography. As such, we sought to train and validate an artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) algorithm to determine the QTc, and then prospectively test this algorithm on tracings acquired from a mobile ECG (mECG) device in a population enriched for repolarization abnormalities. Methods: Using over 1.6 million 12-lead ECGs from 538,200 patients, a deep neural network (DNN) was derived (n = 250,767 patients for training and n = 107,920 patients for testing) and validated (n = 179,513 patients) to predict the QTc using cardiologist over-read QTc values as the gold standard. The ability of this DNN to detect clinically-relevant QTc prolongation (e.g. QTc ≥ 500 ms) was then tested prospectively on 686 genetic heart disease (GHD) patients (50% with LQTS) with QTc values obtained from both a 12-lead ECG and a prototype mECG device equivalent to the commercially-available AliveCor KardiaMobile 6L. Results: In the validation sample, strong agreement was observed between human over-read and DNN-predicted QTc values (-1.76 ± 23.14 ms). Similarly, within the prospective, GHD-enriched dataset, the difference between DNN-predicted QTc values derived from mECG tracings and those annotated from 12-lead ECGs by a QT expert (-0.45 ± 24.73 ms) and a commercial core ECG laboratory [+10.52 ms ± 25.64 ms] was nominal. When applied to mECG tracings, the DNN's ability to detect a QTc value ≥ 500 ms yielded an area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.97, 80.0%, and 94.4%, respectively. Conclusions: Using smartphone-enabled electrodes, an AI-DNN can predict accurately the QTc of a standard 12-lead ECG. QTc estimation from an AI-enabled mECG device may provide a cost-effective means of screening for both acquired and congenital LQTS in a variety of clinical settings where standard 12-lead electrocardiography is not accessible or cost-effective.

Highway Cross-Slope Measurement using Mobile LiDAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (39) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Shams ◽  
Wayne A. Sarasua ◽  
Afshin Famili ◽  
William J. Davis ◽  
Jennifer H. Ogle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Ground Control ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Ground Control Points ◽  
South Carolina Department ◽  
The Difference

Ensuring adequate pavement cross-slope on highways can improve driver safety by reducing the potential for ponding to occur or vehicles to hydroplane. Mobile laser scanning (MLS) systems provide a rapid, continuous, and cost-effective means of collecting accurate 3D coordinate data along a corridor in the form of a point cloud. This study provides an evaluation of MLS systems in terms of the accuracy and precision of collected cross-slope data and documentation of procedures needed to calibrate, collect, and process this data. Mobile light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data were collected by five different vendors on three roadway sections. The results indicate the difference between ground control adjusted and unadjusted LiDAR derived cross-slopes, and field surveying measurements less than 0.19% at a 95% confidence level. The unadjusted LiDAR data incorporated corrections from an integrated inertial measurement unit and high-accuracy real-time kinematic GPS, however it was not post-processed adjusted with ground control points. This level of accuracy meets suggested cross-slope accuracies for mobile measurements (±0.2%) and demonstrates that mobile LiDAR is a reliable method for cross-slope verification. Performing cross-slope verification can ensure existing pavement meets minimum cross-slope requirements, and conversely is useful in identifying roadway sections that do not meet minimum standards, which is more desirable than through crash reconnaissance where hydroplaning was evident. Adoption of MLS would enable the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) to address cross-slope issues through efficient and accurate data collection methods.

Meeting bulk density sampling requirements efficiently to estimate soil carbon stocks

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen W. Holmes ◽  
Andrew Wherrett ◽  
Adrian Keating ◽  
Daniel V. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Neutron Density ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Soil Carbon Stock ◽  
Decadal Scale

Estimation of soil organic carbon stocks requires bulk density (BD) measurements. Variability in BD contributes to carbon stock uncertainty, in turn affecting how large a change in stock can be observed over time or space. However, BD is difficult and time-consuming to measure, and sample collection is further complicated by extremely dry field conditions, coarse-textured soils, and high coarse-fragment content, which are common in southern Australia and other semi-arid and Mediterranean-type climates. Two alternatives to reduce BD sampling effort are to take fewer BD samples at a site (i.e. volumetric rings or clod), and to use more time-efficient methods (i.e. gamma–neutron density meter, NDM). We evaluate these options in the context of a soil carbon stock survey in agricultural land in the south-west of Australia. The BD values within a monitoring site measured with conventional and NDM methods were statistically different when assessed using large sample sizes; the measurements diverged where the coarse fraction volume was >20%. However, carbon stocks were equivalent, reflecting the much larger relative variability in carbon percentage, which contributed 84–99% of the uncertainty in carbon stocks compared with <5% from BD. Given the maximum variability measured, soil carbon stock changes in southern Australia should be monitored on a decadal scale.

scholarly journals Organic carbon dynamics in interrows of Vitis vinifera with different years of soil use and management

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e10610311840
Author(s):  
Caroline Valverde dos Santos ◽  
Renato Levien ◽  
Michael Mazurana ◽  
Lucas Zulpo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Native Grassland ◽  
Reference Samples

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soil use and management on organic carbon stocks in the interrows of Vitis vinifera with different years of cultivation. A vineyard located in Rio Grande do Sul state, with 4, 9 and 16 years of management, was evaluated. Soil samples from different layers, 0.0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, 0.30-0.40, 0.40-0.50 and 0.50-0.60 m, were collected on wheel tracks, between wheel tracks and under the planting rows. As a reference, samples were collected in native grassland of the region. Organic matter content, bulk density and soil porosity were evaluated. Carbon stock was determined according to the correction of the sampled thickness. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 0.05 probability level. Soil management caused alterations in its structure and organic matter content, observed mainly in the first 30 cm, regardless of the area studied. Highest values of bulk density were observed on the tractor wheel tracks, followed by under the planting row and between wheel tracks. Alteration in soil cover for vineyard planting led to a reduction in the carbon stock, compared to the native grassland. The area under management for 4 years showed higher carbon stocks between the wheel tracks, whereas the areas under 9 and 16 years of management showed highest values in the wheel tracks.

scholarly journals Effects of Land Use Change on the Soil Organic Carbon and Selected Soil Properties in the Sultan Marshes, Turkey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selma Yaşar Korkanç ◽  
Mustafa Korkanç ◽  
Muhammet Hüseyin Mert ◽  
Abdurrahman Geçili ◽  
Yusuf Serengil
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

Abstract This study aims the effects of land use changes on the carbon storage capacity and some soil properties of The Sultan Marshes was partially drained during the middle of the last century and converted to other land uses. Undisturbed soil sampling was performed in different land use types (rangelands, shrubs, marsh, agriculture, and dried lake area) in the wetland area at depths of 0-50 cm, and soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, and carbon stocks of soils for each land use type were calculated at 10 cm soil depth levels. Furthermore, disturbed soil samples were taken at two soil depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm), and the particle size distribution, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), aggregate stability and dispersion ratio (DR) properties of the soils were analyzed. Data were processed using ANOVA, Duncan’s test, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The soil properties affected by land use change were SOC, carbon stock, pH, EC, aggregate stability, clay, silt, sand contents, and bulk density. SOC and carbon stocks were high in rangeland, marsh, and shrub land, while they were low in agriculture and drained lake areas. As the soil depth increased, SOC and carbon stock decreased. The organic carbon content of the soils exhibited positive relationships with aggregate stability, clay, and carbon stock, while it showed a negative correlation with bulk density, pH, and DR. The results showed that the drainage and conversion of the wetland caused a significant decrease in the carbon contents of the soils.

scholarly journals ANALISIS POTENSI CADANGAN KARBON UNTUK PENGELOLAAN HUTAN DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM DANAU BUYAN-DANAU TAMBLINGAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Bernadina Paulinda Maku ◽  
I Wayan Suarna ◽  
I Wayan Diara
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Cultivation Technique ◽  
The Difference

Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Danau Buyan-Danau Tamblingan one of the forest ecosystems that are rich in biodiversity.  The information about carbon stocks stored at the surface of the soil is very important to know in order to improvements can be made to the cultivation technique, plant type selection, and right forest management to maintain and increase carbon stocks. The study aimed: calculating and knowing the factors behind the difference carbon stocks above ground level, litter, and soil at Buyan Lake forest and Tamblingan Lake forest and formulating management strategy of TWA Danau Buyan-Danau Tamblingan for supports increased forest carbon stocks. Whereases the measurements carbon stock at medium, low and high density. To formulate management directives used the SWOT analysis. The result of this study is: carbon stocks in above ground level, litter and soil at Buyan Lake forest smaller than Tamblingan Lake forest, with the following details Buyan Lake forest, was: 613.03 ton/ha, 62.56 ton/ha and 125.443 ton/ha whereas Tamblingan Lake forest was: 768.93 ton/ha, 105.26 ton/ha and 360.711 ton/ha, factors causing differences in carbon stocks at Buyan Lake forest and Tamblingan Lake Forest  is the variety of plants that dominate and the human activity.  Management strategy of TWA is: provide assistance to the community to proposing Izin Pengusahaan Pariwisata Alam (IPPA), facilitated indigenous villages to gain recognition of customary forests and formulated awig-awig as local wisdom in management of TWA Danau Buyan-Danau Tamblingan. Keywords: Carbon stock; Forest management strategies; analysis SWOT; TWA Danau Buyan Danau Tamblingan.

Parallel Computing for Tire Simulations

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Surendranath ◽  
M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Parallel Solvers ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Highly Nonlinear

Abstract Over the last few decades, finite element analysis has become an integral part of the overall tire design process. Engineers need to perform a number of different simulations to evaluate new designs and study the effect of proposed design changes. However, tires pose formidable simulation challenges due to the presence of highly nonlinear rubber compounds, embedded reinforcements, complex tread geometries, rolling contact, and large deformations. Accurate simulation requires careful consideration of these factors, resulting in the extensive turnaround time, often times prolonging the design cycle. Therefore, it is extremely critical to explore means to reduce the turnaround time while producing reliable results. Compute clusters have recently become a cost effective means to perform high performance computing (HPC). Distributed memory parallel solvers designed to take advantage of compute clusters have become increasingly popular. In this paper, we examine the use of HPC for various tire simulations and demonstrate how it can significantly reduce simulation turnaround time. Abaqus/Standard is used for routine tire simulations like footprint and steady state rolling. Abaqus/Explicit is used for transient rolling and hydroplaning simulations. The run times and scaling data corresponding to models of various sizes and complexity are presented.

Exploring the Benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the Mechanism for Automated 5D BIM Quantification Process in Offsite Modular Construction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Moses ◽  
David Heesom ◽  
David Oloke ◽  
Martin Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Modular Construction ◽  
Automated Quantification ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Project Risks ◽  
Value Add ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level 2

The UK Construction Industry through its Government Construction Strategy has recently been mandated to implement Level 2 Building Information Modelling (BIM) on public sector projects. This move, along with other initiatives is key to driving a requirement for 25% cost reduction (establishing the most cost-effective means) on. Other key deliverables within the strategy include reduction in overall project time, early contractor involvement, improved sustainability and enhanced product quality. Collaboration and integrated project delivery is central to the level 2 implementation strategy yet the key protocols or standards relative to cost within BIM processes is not well defined. As offsite construction becomes more prolific within the UK construction sector, this construction approach coupled with BIM, particularly 5D automated quantification process, and early contractor involvement provides significant opportunities for the sector to meet government targets. Early contractor involvement is supported by both the industry and the successive Governments as a credible means to avoid and manage project risks, encourage innovation and value add, making cost and project time predictable, and improving outcomes. The contractor is seen as an expert in construction and could be counter intuitive to exclude such valuable expertise from the pre-construction phase especially with the BIM intent of äóÖbuild it twiceäó», once virtually and once physically. In particular when offsite construction is used, the contractoräó»s construction expertise should be leveraged for the virtual build in BIM-designed projects to ensure a fully streamlined process. Building in a layer of automated costing through 5D BIM will bring about a more robust method of quantification and can help to deliver the 25% reduction in overall cost of a project. Using a literature review and a case study, this paper will look into the benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the impact of 5D BIM on the offsite construction process.

How the United Kingdom Controls Pharmaceutical Prices and Spending: Learning From Its Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 002073142199709
Author(s):  
Marc A. Rodwin
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Generic Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Spending ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pharmaceutical Prices ◽  
Limit Access

To control costs and improve access, nations can adopt strategies employed in the United Kingdom to control pharmaceutical prices and spending. Current policy evolved from a system created in 1957 that allowed manufacturers to set launch prices, capped manufacturers’ rates of return, and later cut list prices. These policies did not effectively control spending and had limited effects on purchase prices. The United Kingdom currently controls pharmaceutical spending in 4 ways. (a) Since 1999, it has typically paid no more than is cost-effective. (b) Since 2017, for medicines that will have a significant budget impact, National Health Service England seeks discounts from cost-effective prices or seeks to limit access for 2 years to patients with the greatest need. (c) Since 2014, statutes and a voluntary scheme have required branded manufacturers to pay the government rebates to recoup the difference between the global pharmaceutical budget and actual spending. (d) For hospitals, generics and some patented drugs are procured through competitive bidding; community pharmacies are reimbursed through a system that provides an incentive to beat average generic market prices. These policies controlled the growth of spending, with the largest effects following budget controls in 2014. Changes since 2008 have reduced savings, first by paying more than is cost-effective for cancer drugs and then by applying higher cost-effectiveness thresholds for some drugs used to treat cancer and certain other drugs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document