scholarly journals Decoupling Genetics from Attainments: The Role of Social Environments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
High Mobility ◽  
State Level ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Parental Investments ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Intergenerational Links ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Potential Interactions

AbstractThis paper examines the extent to which growing up in a socially mobile environment might decouple genetic endowments related to educational attainment with actual attainments. Many models of intergenerational transmission of advantage contain both a transmission channel through endowments (i.e. genetics) from parents to children as well as from parental investments and “luck”. Indeed, many scholars consider the intergenerational links due to the transmission of genetically based advantage to place a lower bound on plausible levels of social mobility—genetics may be able to “lock in” advantage across generations. This paper explores this idea by using new genetic measurements in the Health and Retirement Study to examine potential interactions between social environments and genetics related to attainments. The results suggest evidence of gene environment interactions: children born in high mobility states have lower genetic penetrance—the interaction between state-level mobility and the polygenic score for education is negative. These results suggest a need to incorporate gene-environment interactions in models of attainment and mobility and to pursue the mechanisms behind the interactions.

scholarly journals Genetic predispositions moderate the effectiveness of tobacco excise taxes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259210
Author(s):  
Eric A. W. Slob ◽  
Cornelius A. Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Predisposition ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
State Level ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Gene Environment Interaction ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
Significant Gene

Background Tobacco consumption is one of the leading causes of preventable death. In this study, we analyze whether someone’s genetic predisposition to smoking moderates the response to tobacco excise taxes. Methods We interact polygenic scores for smoking behavior with state-level tobacco excise taxes in longitudinal data (1992-2016) from the US Health and Retirement Study (N = 12,058). Results Someone’s genetic propensity to smoking moderates the effect of tobacco excise taxes on smoking behavior along the extensive margin (smoking vs. not smoking) and the intensive margin (the amount of tobacco consumed). In our analysis sample, we do not find a significant gene-environment interaction effect on smoking cessation. Conclusions When tobacco excise taxes are relatively high, those with a high genetic predisposition to smoking are less likely (i) to smoke, and (ii) to smoke heavily. While tobacco excise taxes have been effective in reducing smoking, the gene-environment interaction effects we observe in our sample suggest that policy makers could benefit from taking into account the moderating role of genes in the design of future tobacco control policies.

BAP1 forms a trimer with HMGB1 and HDAC1 that modulates gene × environment interaction with asbestos

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (48) ◽  
pp. e2111946118
Author(s):  
Flavia Novelli ◽  
Angela Bononi ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Fang Bai ◽  
Simone Patergnani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Mesothelial Cell ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Cancer Syndrome ◽  
Histone Deacetylase 1 ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Extracellular Release

Carriers of heterozygous germline BAP1 mutations (BAP1+/−) are affected by the “BAP1 cancer syndrome.” Although they can develop almost any cancer type, they are unusually susceptible to asbestos carcinogenesis and mesothelioma. Here we investigate why among all carcinogens, BAP1 mutations cooperate with asbestos. Asbestos carcinogenesis and mesothelioma have been linked to a chronic inflammatory process promoted by the extracellular release of the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). We report that BAP1+/− cells secrete increased amounts of HMGB1, and that BAP1+/− carriers have detectable serum levels of acetylated HMGB1 that further increase when they develop mesothelioma. We linked these findings to our discovery that BAP1 forms a trimeric protein complex with HMGB1 and with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) that modulates HMGB1 acetylation and its release. Reduced BAP1 levels caused increased ubiquitylation and degradation of HDAC1, leading to increased acetylation of HMGB1 and its active secretion that in turn promoted mesothelial cell transformation.

Public Investments and Class Gaps in Parents’ Developmental Expenditures

2022 ◽  
pp. 000312242110699
Author(s):  
Margot I. Jackson ◽  
Daniel Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
State Level ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Parental Investments ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
Investments In Children

Families and governments are the primary sources of investment in children, providing access to basic resources and other developmental opportunities. Recent research identifies significant class gaps in parental investments that contribute to high levels of inequality by family income and education. State-level public investments in children and families have the potential to reduce class inequality in children’s developmental environments by affecting parents’ behavior. Using newly assembled administrative data from 1998 to 2014, linked to household-level data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we examine how public-sector investment in income support, health, and education is associated with the private expenditures of low- and high-SES parents on developmental items for children. Are class gaps in parental investments in children narrower in contexts of higher public investment for children and families? We find that more generous public spending for children and families is associated with significantly narrower class gaps in private parental investments. Furthermore, we find that equalization is driven by bottom-up increases in low-SES households’ developmental spending in response to progressive state investments of income support and health, and by top-down decreases in high-SES households’ developmental spending in response to universal state investment in public education.

scholarly journals Survey on security threats in mobile cloud computing

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1.9) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
S. Iniyan ◽  
M. Senthilraja ◽  
R. Srinivasan ◽  
A. Palaniraj
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Mobile Cloud Computing ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Computation Offloading ◽  
Mobile Cloud ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Seamless Connectivity ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Privacy Issues

Cell phones are turning into a basic piece of our day by day life because of most proficient and powerful specialized devices without time and space boundation. Everybody has a portable, tablet, tablet with calling office i.e. Fablet. Distributed computing (DC) has been broadly perceived as the cutting edge's registering foundation with the fast development of portable applications and the support of Cloud Computing for an assortment of administrations, the Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is presented as an incorporation of Cloud Computing into the Mobile Environment. Portable Cloud Computing is picking up stream. MCC is alluded to as the framework where both the information stockpiling and the information handling occur outside the cell phone. In MCC condition, Cloud Computing, Mobile Computing and Application confront a few difficulties like Mobile Computation Offloading, Seamless Connectivity, Vendor/Data Lock-in, Long WAN Latency, Live VM (Virtual Machine) relocation issues, Low Bandwidth, Energy-Efficient Transmissions and Trust-Security and Privacy Issues. In this paper, I have talked about around a few difficulties and issues identified with the Mobile Cloud Computing. This paper gives data about Mobile Cloud Computing Application, Security and Issues.

scholarly journals Interference Management by Resource Exchange for D2D Communication in Cellular Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5S) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Network ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Spectrum Efficiency ◽  
D2d Communication ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Resource Exchange

Scarcity in communication spectrum in cellular network is one of the major challenges faced by the service providers around the world. Many efforts were put forth to manage the efficient spectrum distribution among various cells in the network. Reusing the resources by different cells in a safe distance without interference is the current mechanism to improve spectrum efficiency. Spectrum efficiency can be even improved by reusing the resources within a single cell. Device to Device (D2D) communication, a new technology boosts the spectrum reuse inside a cell in 5G. The major hurdle in implementing D2D is in the management of interference in a highly mobile environment. This high mobility risks the life-time of a D2D link and frequent shifting from D2D mode to normal cellular mode will occur. In this paper an effort is put forward to maintain the D2D link as long as possible through a resource exchange mechanism. The exchange occurs when interference by a cellular or D2D link threatens another D2D link. This approach can improve the life-time of a D2D link and thereby improving the consistency of the network.

Sustaining school improvement in a high-need school

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathern Okilwa ◽  
Bruce Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
School Improvement ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Student Mobility ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
State Level ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how Robbins ES has sustained high academic performance over almost 20 years despite several changes in principals. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyzed longitudinal data based on: state-level academic and demographic data; two earlier studies of the school; and recent interviews with teachers, the principal, and parent leaders. Findings The analyses of these longitudinal data revealed four ongoing factors were responsible for sustained academic performance: high expectations, distributed leadership, collective responsibility for student performance, and data-based decision making. However, challenges that persistently confront Robbins staff include limited resources (e.g. technology and library materials), high mobility rate, and some cases of unsupportive parents. Originality/value This study adds to understanding how high-need urban schools can sustain high academic performance in spite of changes in principals, shifting community demographics, and high student mobility.

scholarly journals Plasma B Vitamers: Population Epidemiology and Parent-Child Concordance in Children and Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Stephanie Andraos ◽  
Beatrix Jones ◽  
Clare Wall ◽  
Eric Thorstensen ◽  
Martin Kussmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Flavin Mononucleotide ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Parent Child

Scope: B vitamers are co-enzymes involved in key physiological processes including energy production, one-carbon, and macronutrient metabolism. Studies profiling B vitamers simultaneously in parent–child dyads are scarce. Profiling B vitamers in parent–child dyads enables an insightful determination of gene–environment contributions to their circulating concentrations. We aimed to characterise: (a) parent–child dyad concordance, (b) generation (children versus adults), (c) age (within the adult subgroup (age range 28–71 years)) and (d) sex differences in plasma B vitamer concentrations in the CheckPoint study of Australian children. Methods and Results: 1166 children (11 ± 0.5 years, 51% female) and 1324 parents (44 ± 5.1 years, 87% female) took part in a biomedical assessment of a population-derived longitudinal cohort study: The Growing Up in Australia’s Child Health CheckPoint. B vitamer levels were quantified by UHPLC/MS-MS. B vitamer levels were weakly concordant between parent–child pairs (10–31% of variability explained). All B vitamer concentrations exhibited generation-specificity, except for flavin mononucleotide (FMN). The levels of thiamine, pantothenic acid, and 4-pyridoxic acid were higher in male children, and those of pantothenic acid were higher in male adults compared to their female counterparts. Conclusion: Family, age, and sex contribute to variations in the concentrations of plasma B vitamers in Australian children and adults.

Recent corporate governance developments in Greece

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michail Nerantzidis ◽  
John Filos
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
State Level ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the recent corporate governance (CG) developments in Greece. The recent economic crisis of Greece has caused very high mobility, both at a state level by imposing a new Greek regulation in capital market and at a level of associations in Greece by recommending new voluntary codes on CG. Both the new economic conditions in the world economy after the global financial crisis of 2007-2010 and the 2009 economic crisis in Greece provide a valuable opportunity to study the CG and regulatory aspects of CG in Greece. Design/methodology/approach – This study has three objectives, namely, to present the reasons which lead the business community in Greece to reconsider existing CG practices and outline the main aspects; to locate the current CG developments and trends in Greece in the last decade (2002-2011), especially in the light of the recent debate between various voluntary codes that have lately been proposed; and, finally, to highlight the efforts that have been made so far by companies to comply with the expanding body of CG best practices and Greek legislation. Findings – The main finding is that the development of regulatory reforms and practices on CG is a process based on the European Union directives. Practical implications – The improvement of legal, institutional and regulatory framework of CG in Greece can attract new investors. Originality/value – This paper re-examines the value of CG in Greece under the new economic conditions.

scholarly journals The short-term response of the Hispanic noncitizen population to anti-illegal immigration legislation

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (42) ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo E. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
State Level ◽  
Consistent Estimate ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sb 1070 ◽  
Immigration Legislation ◽  
The Us

Purpose This paper aims to examine the short-term effect of the Arizona Immigration Law of 2010 (SB 1070) on the noncitizen Hispanic state population. Design/methodology/approach To get a consistent estimate of this effect, a synthetic control method has been used to calculate a suitable counterfactual. Findings Results indicate that this bill produced a statistically significant short-term reduction in the proportion of noncitizen Hispanics in Arizona between 10 and 15 per cent. However, the evidence suggests that this effect vanishes after a few months. Originality/value These findings are consistent with previous evidence of the high mobility of the undocumented population in the US, and contribute to the understanding of the effects of federal and state-level immigration legislation.

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