scholarly journals Breeding behaviour and productivity of Black-necked crane (Grus nigricolis) in Ladakh, Indian Trans-Himalaya

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Chandan ◽  
Tanveer Ahmed ◽  
Afifullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Recruitment Rate ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Nest Site Fidelity ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Grus Nigricollis ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Increment Rate

AbstractA long-term study was conducted to understand some aspects of breeding biology of Black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) in Changthang, Ladakh. Data on aspects such as the breeding season, courtship, mating, egg laying and incubation period, nest site fidelity, egg morphometry, breeding productivity and recruitment rate were collected between 2003 and 2012. Black-necked crane started arriving from last week of March to first half of April and showed fidelity at ten nesting sites. Courtship and mating peaked early morning (0700 hours), around noon (1100 hours) and in late evening (0600 hours) while the nest building at evening (1600 hours). The egg laying period initiated in May and extended up to July. The average incubation period was 33.88±0.3 days. Hatching success, nest survival rate and fledgling increment rate of the bird were 73.3%, 0.55 ± 0.03 and 0.41 ± 0.02 respectively with an overall breeding productivity of 0.73. The present population of Black-necked crane in Changthang, Ladakh seems to stable with an average recruitment rate of 15.7±1.4.

scholarly journals Breeding biology of Bengal eyed turtle Morenia petersi (Anderson 1879) in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181
Author(s):  
Md Lokman Hossain ◽  
Shorab Uddin Sarker ◽  
Noor Jahan Sarker
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Gravid Female ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Clutch

This study was conducted to determine the breeding season, gonad development, egg laying period, clutch size and other biological aspects of Bengal Eyed Turtle, Morenia petersi of Bangladesh. The egg-laying period was found between November and February. The nesting sites were elevated fallow lands in secluded areas. The female turtle laid all the mature eggs at a time for each clutch at night. A gravid female turtle laid two clutches of eggs in each breeding season and the mean clutch size was 9.7 ± 1.5 eggs and mean weight of each egg was 8.9 ± 1.3 g. The eggs are elongated in shape and whitish in colour. The mean incubation period was 119 ± 30 days. The incubation period of first clutch was the longer than the second clutch. The hatchlings emerged out between April and May. Hatchery success was found 56.8%. The percentage of weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) by weight of hatchlings in the first year was greater than second and third year. Present investigation was made to explore the possibility to raise turtle farming in captive condition.Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(2): 169-181, 2014

scholarly journals Protein Supplementation and Grazing Behavior for Cows on Differing Late-Season Rangeland Grazing Systems

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3219
Author(s):  
James E. Sprinkle ◽  
Joseph K. Sagers ◽  
John B. Hall ◽  
Melinda J. Ellison ◽  
Joel V. Yelich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Grazing Behavior ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Walking Time

The objective was to determine if low- or high-residual feed intake (LRFI or HRFI, n = 24 for each) Hereford × Angus cows on continuously or rotationally grazed rangeland altered their grazing behavior when provided a protein supplement in late autumn. Treatments included continuously grazed, control (CCON, n = 12); continuously grazed, supplemented (CTRT, n = 12); rotationally grazed, control (RCON, n = 12); and rotationally grazed, supplemented pastures (RTRT, n = 12). Cows in each treatment had grazing time (GT), resting time (RT), and walking time (WLK) measured for 2 years with accelerometers. Bite rate (BR) was also measured. Time distributions of GT and RT differed by year (p < 0.05), being influenced by colder temperatures in 2016. Cattle in 2016 spent more time grazing during early morning and late evening (p < 0.05) and rested more during the day (p < 0.05). In 2017, cattle in the CCON treatment walked more (p < 0.05) during early morning time periods than did the CTRT cattle, indicative of search grazing. All supplemented cattle had greater BR (p < 0.05) than control cattle in 2017. Cattle with increased nutritional demands alter grazing behavior in a compensatory fashion when grazing late-season rangelands.

scholarly journals Life near a city: activity pattern of Golden Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in a habitat adjoining Bhubaneswar, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 19363-19366
Author(s):  
Subrat Debata
Keyword(s):  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Golden Jackal ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Present Study Area ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Intense Heat

Activity pattern of the Golden Jackal was studied by camera trapping survey in an urban influenced protected habitat in Odisha, eastern India from January to April 2019. A total of 552 independent photos of Golden Jackals were obtained from 771 trap nights. Although Golden Jackals were active throughout the day, they showed two major peaks in activity; the first peak during late evening after sunset, and the second peak during early morning until sunrise. The reduced activity of Golden Jackal during day time in the present study area might be due to less movement of prey species, intense heat, and heavy human traffic.

Leaf Movements in Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) in Relation to Herbicide Response

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Kraatz ◽  
Robert N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Over The Top

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) leaves and leaflets changed their orientation throughout 24-h periods. These endogenously controlled rhythmic movements resulted in dramatic changes in the percent projected leaf area (PPLA), the leaf area observed from directly above and expressed as a percentage of the total actual leaf area. The PPLA of sicklepod varied more than seven-fold throughout a 24-h period, being greatest during the day and least at night. Control of sicklepod with linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] applied postemergence at intervals throughout 24-h periods was greater from daytime applications than from late evening, night, and early morning applications. Percent control was highly correlated with PPLA, suggesting that rhythmic leaf movements and the resulting change in PPLA could be an important factor in determining the efficacy of postemergence herbicide applications on sicklepod by altering the area of the leaf surface most likely to intercept and retain herbicide spray from an over-the-top application. In addition to endogenously controlled leaf movements, we observed leaf movements caused by simulated cloud cover (80% shading). Shading increased the PPLA of sicklepod, suggesting that more leaf surface might be exposed to an over-the-top spray during cloudy periods than during sunny periods.

scholarly journals Breeding biology of coppersmith barbet, Megalaima haemacephala (Müller, 1776)

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Noor Jahan Sarker ◽  
M Firoj Jaman ◽  
Shariar Mustafa ◽  
Md Saidur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Breeding Success ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Average Depth

Breeding biology of the Coppersmith barbet, Megalaima haemacephala (Müller, 1776) was carried out between February, 2006 and January, 2007 at Sharawardy Uddyan, Ramna Park, Curzon Hall and National Botanical Garden. The breeding season started from December and ended in June. In total 20 nests were observed, of which 10 nests were studied in details in four study areas. The coppersmith barbet mostly preferred to make holes on the branches of koroi (Albizzia procera) for nesting. Egg laying started on 15th February in the study areas. Average height of nests from the ground was 9.7m and average depth and diameter of the holes was 29.20cm and 4.46cm respectively. New holes were constructed yearly or the old one was reused. Both the sexes took part in incubation of eggs, brooding and feeding to the nestlings. A total of 30 eggs were laid in 10 nests. Clutch size varied from 2 – 4 eggs (average: 3 eggs). Among them, 20 (66.67%) eggs were hatched and the rest 10 (33.33%) were unhatched and lost. Average incubation period was 14 days. The male and the female incubated the eggs for an average of 27.44 minutes/ hours and 32.56 minutes/ hours, respectively. Average number of nestlings (brood size) per nest was 2. Out of 20 nestlings, 16 left their nests successively. The breeding success was 53.33% in relation to the number of eggs laid and 80% in relation to nestlings hatched. The average weight of eggs and nestlings was 3.59g and 9.33g, respectively. The main causes of loss of the eggs and nestlings were human interference, predation and ectoparasitic infections. Insects and fruits were fed to the nestlings by their parents.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v31i0.15397Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 31, 2012 pp. 31-34 

Diurnal gross photosynthetic patterns and potential seasonal CO2 assimilation in Cladonia stellaris and Cladonia rangiferina

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Moser ◽  
Thomas H. Nash III ◽  
Steven O. Link
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Summer Rain ◽  
Cladonia Rangiferina

The daily, in situ gross photosynthetic patterns of Cladonia stellaris (Opiz.) Pouz. & Vězda. and Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Wigg. were monitored during portions of the 1977, 1978, and 1979 growing seasons at Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska. Photosynthetic activity in both species closely paralleled atmospheric moisture status, where peak photosynthetic rates were attained during or following sporadic summer rain. In addition, thallus absorption of moisture during extended periods of high atmospheric water vapor content gave rise to short periods of minimal photosynthetic activity. During late evening and early morning hours moistened thalli exhibited minimal or no photosynthetic activity, coinciding with consistent attenuation in solar radiation during these periods. Photosynthetic activity was not homogeneous throughout the thallus. The greatest activity occurred in the apical regions and decreased progressively into the basal regions. The apical 10-mm regions of C. stellaris and C. rangiferina thalli accounted for approximately 50% of their photosynthetic capabilities. The potential gross CO2 assimilation of the apical 10-mm regions over 72 days of the 1978 growing season was estimated at approximately 35 g CO2∙m−2 and 16 g CO2∙m−2 for C. stellaris and C. rangiferina, respectively.

Effect of FWD Testing Position on Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 518 ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Shoukry ◽  
G.W. William ◽  
M.Y. Riad ◽  
J.C. Prucz
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Slab Thickness ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Falling Weight Deflectometer ◽  
Subgrade Reaction ◽  
K Value ◽  
Modulus Of Subgrade Reaction ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Falling Weight

This paper discusses the variation of the Modulus of subgrade reaction (k) backcalculated from slab deflection basins, interactive with the location of the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) load pulse, and curling of slabs due to daily temperature variations. The k-value was calculated following the AASHTO design guides procedures, while deflection basins were recorded at an interval of 3 to 4 hours along the day on an instrumented concrete pavement test section in West Virginia. The state of deformation of the slabs are continuously monitored, through dowel bar bending measurements and records of the temperature gradient profiles through the slab thickness, as well as joint openings every 20 minutes. The results indicated that the backcalculated k-values are greatly affected by the positive temperature gradient, and the least variation in (k) was found in the slab center. In order to minimize errors in back-calculations of k-values, it is recommended to perform the FWD test for recording deflection basins in the interior of the slab during late evening or in the early morning.

Mental Illness and Homicide

1966 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.K. Mcknight ◽  
J.W. Mohr ◽  
R.E. Quinsey ◽  
J. Erochko
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Background Information ◽  
The Family ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Intensive Investigation

A homicide study undertaken at the Ontario Hospital, Penetanguishene, yielded 100 cases in which mental illness was present, or considered to be present, at the time of the act. This paper deals with some selected structural data on the total group, leaving dynamic material for intensive investigation of various subgroups. The 100 patients had killed 110 victims and wounded a further 26. About half of the cases involved homicide within the family. Background information on the patients and some personal and social factors are considered. In terms of diagnosis, more than half were schizophrenics. The peak in the ages of patients at the time of the offence is in the 30 to 35 year age group, but this differs in the various forms of homicides. Seasonal variations indicate peaks in early spring and fall, with another increase in December in the Christmas period. No specific weekday pattern emerged and the daily pattern suggests an increase in frequency from early morning to late evening. Most of the homicides took place in or close to the residence of offender or victim. Shooting was the most common method of attack. After the act, the majority of offenders made no attempt to escape. The analysis will be continued in greater detail and with comparative material from the literature. These future papers will be concerned with specific groups, such as matricide, patricide, and wife murder.

scholarly journals Observation on dominance of swells over wind-seas in the coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar, India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Amrutha ◽  
V. Sanil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Gulf Of Mannar ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
One Year

Abstract. In coastal gulfs generally, predominance of wind-seas are expected. Waves measured at a location having a water depth of 15 m in the nearshore waters of Gulf of Mannar during one year period (1 May 2015 to 30 April 2016) is used to examine the predominance of wind-seas and swells through spectral characterization. The study shows that even though the location is in a gulf, the annual average value (~ 0.84 m) of the significant wave height at this area is comparable to that along the coastal waters of the Indian subcontinent, but the annual maximum value (~ 1.7 m) recorded is much less than that (3 to 5 m) observed in those regions. Also, large seasonal variations are not observed in the wave height. The waves of the study region are under the control of sea-breeze with the maximum in the late evening hours and the minimum in the early morning hours. 53 % of the surface height variance in the study area is a result of southeast and south swells and the remaining are the east and southeast wind-seas.

Behavioural and Breeding-Habitat Related Aspects of Sperm Competition in Razorbills

Behaviour ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 123 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Special Problem ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Fertile Period ◽  
Colonial Species ◽  
Paternity Assurance ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Copulation Behaviour

AbstractI observed razorbill copulation behaviour to examine the ability of males to assure their paternity in the presence of sperm competition. While males in colonial species are generally unable to guard their mates throughout the female's fertile period, male razorbills suffered a special problem in that females actively sought extra-pair copulations (EPCs) and did so in two separate locations, the colony and ledges outside the colony called "mating arenas". Most within-pair and extra-pair copulations were performed in the mating arenas (74% and 82%, respectively). Individuals were consistent in their attendance in one of the two arenas, depending upon the accessibility of the breeding site from the arena, and the attendance of other individuals from the same sub-colony. Individuals were also consistent in their occupation of specific sites within the arenas, and usually attended these sites between years. Attendance in the relatively small arenas brought individuals from the sparser colony into much closer proximity than when they attended their nesting sites. The higher density in the arenas was associated with females receiving EPC attempts three times more frequently upon arrival in the arenas than in the colony. Females resisted most EPC attempts, but a high proportion (50%) of females accepted at least one EPC prior to egg-laying. Mating arena attendance by males was aimed at obtaining EPCs when their mates were absent, and at attempting to assure their paternity when their mates were present. Paternity assurance was accomplished by a) inhibiting their mates from accepting EPCs, b) depriving other males access to the female, and c) copulating with the female frequently. Males did not guard their mates effectively in that they were absent from the mating arenas during a large proportion (34%) of their mates' arrivals. The principal male strategy for gaining paternity assurance was apparently to attempt frequent copulations with their mates. Males achieved cloacal contact (and presumably insemination) with their mates approximately 80 times during the 30 days preceding the laying of the single egg, and the number of days males attended the arenas was positively correlated with the number of

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