scholarly journals Impact of overfishing on density and test-diameter size of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla at Wakatobi Archipelago, south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
La Nane
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Test Diameter ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Urchin Density ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
Tripneustes Gratilla

AbstractSea urchin Tripneustes gratilla is one of an economic important fisheries resources product for localities at Wakatobi archipelago. High demands for sea urchin gonad have intensified high fishing activity. We hypothesize that sea urchins at Wakatobi have overfished. To answer that hypothesizes; we measure the density and its test diameter size at two different sites. They are Pulau Tomia (inhabited area) and Pulau Sawa (uninhabited area and very distant from the localities). The results show that sea urchin density and its test diameter is significantly different. The densities (mean ± SE) Tripneustes gratilla at Pulau Sawa and Pulau Tomia are 10 ± 0.6 (ind./m2) and 2.7 ± 0.9 ind./m2, respectively. Moreover, the test diameter at Pulau Sawa and Pulau Tomia are 69.7 ± 2.1 mm (mean ± SE), and 58.5 ± 1.7 mm (mean ± SE), respectively. These results have indeed shown that overfishing has occurred. Therefore, sea urchin with test diameter 66–75 mm, 76–85 mm, and 86–95 mm have disappeared at Pulau Tomia. Our conclusion reveals that fishing of sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla at Pulau Tomia has overfished.

scholarly journals Impact of Overfishing on Density and Test-Diameter Size of the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla at Wakatobi Archipelago, South-Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
La Nane ◽  
Arfiani Rizki Paramata
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Test Diameter ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Urchin Density ◽  
Tripneustes Gratilla

Sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla is one of an economically important fisheries resource product for localities at Wakatobi archipelago. High demands for sea urchin gonad have intensified high fishing activity. The hypothesis of this study is that sea urchins in Wakatobi have been overfished. To answer that hypothesis, the density and its test diameter size were measured at two different sites. Those two sites are Pulau Tomia (resident area) and Pulau Sawa (nonresident area and very distant from the localities). The results show that sea urchin density and its test diameter are significantly different.  The densities (mean±SE) T. gratilla at Pulau Sawa and Pulau Tomia were 10±0.6 (ind.m-2) and 2.7±0.9 ind.m-2, respectively. Moreover, the test diameter at Pulau Sawa and Pulau Tomia were 69.7±2.1 mm and 58.5±1.7 mm (mean±SE), respectively. These results have shown that overfishing has occurred. Therefore, sea urchin with test diameter 66–75 mm, 76–85 mm, and 86–95 mm have disappeared at Pulau Tomia. The Conclusion reveals that fishing of sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla at Pulau Tomia has been overfished.

scholarly journals Density of the blue-black urchin Echinotrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758) in Tomini Bay, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
La Nane ◽  
Alfi Sahri R Baruadi ◽  
Herinda Mardin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Test Diameter ◽  
Urchin Density ◽  
Blue Marlin ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Average Size

The blue-black urchin has been widely known and utilized as food in the world, including Indonesia because sea urchin gonad can be consumed. However, the utilization of sea urchins in Gorontalo has not been performed. On the other hand, natural resources information is needed as the database for natural resources management in Tomini Bay. The aim of this study is to document the blue-black urchin Echinotrix diadema. This study conducted at Blue Marlin Beach, South Leato, Gorontalo, from November 2019 to December 2020. Sea urchin density was calculated with a 1 m × 1 m transect quadrate that positioned at interval 5 m in distance along 15 m of the transect line at the coral reef ecosystem. In parallel with the measurement of the density, sea urchin test diameter was measured with a Vernier caliper (0.01 mm accuracy), and the water temperature was measured with a thermometer. The results show that the average of sea urchin density is 3 ind. m–2 in November and December and 1 ind.m–2 in January. That density has no significant difference among the month. Moreover, the average size of the sea urchin test diameter is 60 mm in November, 63 mm in December, and 66 mm in January. The seawater temperature is 34 °C in November, 37 °C in December, and 33 °C in January. That results show that sea urchin density in the blue marlin beach is very low.

scholarly journals EDUKASI PEMANFAATAN BULU-BABI (SEA URCHIN) MELALUI BUDI DAYA KERAMBA JARING APUNG

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
Alfi Sahri Remi Baruadi ◽  
La Nane
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Marine Organism ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
State University ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
Net Cage

Abstract: Sea urchin is one of the fisheries resources products where its gonad can be consumed either in fresh or processed. Unfortunately, sea urchin has not been consumed due to society suspicion that may cause death if sea urchin gonad consumed. Thereby, we need to educate the society by instructing them in a participatory way on how to consume and cultivate sea urchin cultivation with a floating net cage. This work was conducted at Desa Lambangan Office (February 2020–March 2020) by involving 25 fishermen and 30 students from Gorontalo State University as the fellows of the society. The results of the counseling and practicing that conducted at desa Lambangan had been switched the paradigm of society that was formerly assuming sea urchin as a marine organism that has toxicity to be an organism that could be consumed and traded. Furthermore, the fishermen have overcome and able to handle how to build a floating net cage for the cultivation of sea urchins that they have learned in simulation on how to make floating net cage of sea urchins.            Keywords: sea urchin; counseling; floating net cage   Abstrak: Bulu Babi (sea urchin) merupakan salah satu produk perikanan penting yang telurnya dapat dikonsumsi baik dalam keadaan segar maupun olahan. Sayangnya Bulu Babi belum dimanfaatkan karena dianggap beracun dan bila dikonsumsi dapat menimbulkan kematian. Karena itu, perlu dilakukan edukasi pada masyarakat melalui kegiatan penyuluhan bagaimana cara mengonsumsi dan membudidayakan Bulu Babi dengan sistem keramba jaring apung. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di desa Lambangan, kecamatan Pagimana, Sulawesi Tengah selama dua bulan (Februari 2020–Maret 2020 dengan melibatkan 25 masyarakat nelayan dan 30 mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Gorontalo sebagai pendamping masyarakat. Hasil dari kegiatan penyuluhan dan simulasi yang kami laksanakan telah mengubah paradigma masyarakat yang tadinya menganggap Bulu Babi sebagai biota laut beracun menjadi sesuatu yang dapat dikonsumsi dan dapat diperjualbelikan di pasar-pasar lokal. Selain itu, masyarakat juga telah menguasai dan mampu menerapkan konstruksi keramba budi daya Bulu Babi yang dilaksanakan melalui metode praktik simulasi  pembuatan keramba jaring apung. Kata kunci: Bulu Babi; penyuluhana; keramba jaring apung

scholarly journals Mono-specific algal diets shape microbial networking in the gut of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla elatensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matan Masasa ◽  
Ariel Kushmaro ◽  
Esti Kramarsky-Winter ◽  
Muki Shpigel ◽  
Roy Barkan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Niche Breadth ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Tripneustes Gratilla ◽  
Algal Diets

Abstract Background Algivorous sea urchins can obtain energy from a diet of a single algal species, which may result in consequent changes in their gut microbe assemblies and association networks. Methods To ascertain whether such changes are led by specific microbes or limited to a specific region in the gut, we compared the microbial assembly in the three major gut regions of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla elatensis when fed a mono-specific algal diet of either Ulva fasciata or Gracilaria conferta, or an algal-free diet. DNA extracts from 5 to 7 individuals from each diet treatment were used for Illumina MiSeq based 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3–V4 region). Niche breadth of each microbe in the assembly was calculated for identification of core, generalist, specialist, or unique microbes. Network analyzers were used to measure the connectivity of the entire assembly and of each of the microbes within it and whether it altered with a given diet or gut region. Lastly, the predicted metabolic functions of key microbes in the gut were analyzed to evaluate their potential contribution to decomposition of dietary algal polysaccharides. Results Sea urchins fed with U. fasciata grew faster and their gut microbiome network was rich in bacterial associations (edges) and networking clusters. Bacteroidetes was the keystone microbe phylum in the gut, with core, generalist, and specialist representatives. A few microbes of this phylum were central hub nodes that maintained community connectivity, while others were driver microbes that led the rewiring of the assembly network based on diet type through changes in their associations and centrality. Niche breadth agreed with microbes' richness in genes for carbohydrate active enzymes and correlated Bacteroidetes specialists to decomposition of specific polysaccharides in the algal diets. Conclusions The dense and well-connected microbial network in the gut of Ulva-fed sea urchins, together with animal's rapid growth, may suggest that this alga was most nutritious among the experimental diets. Our findings expand the knowledge on the gut microbial assembly in T. gratilla elatensis and strengthen the correlation between microbes’ generalism or specialism in terms of occurrence in different niches and their metabolic arsenal which may aid host nutrition.

scholarly journals Ecological Significance of the Association betweenStomopneustes variolaris(Echinoidea) andLumbrineris latreilli(Polychaeta) from Visakhapatnam Coast, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Ayyagari ◽  
Ramesh Babu Kondamudi
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Test Diameter ◽  
East Coast Of India ◽  
New Association ◽  
Visakhapatnam Coast

The present study reports a new association between the sea urchinStomopneustes variolaris(Lamarck, 1816) and the polychaeteLumbrineris latreilli(Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) based on the specimens collected intertidally at Bay of Bengal (Visakhapatnam, east coast of India). Out of 60 sea urchins collected, 10 (16.67%) were associated with the polychaete. The prevalence increased with the increasing sea urchin test diameter. All polychaetes were exclusively found between the spines, in the aboral region of the host. This association protects the polychaete from the predators during displacement from its natural habitat.

scholarly journals Tool Use by Four Species of Indo-Pacific Sea Urchins

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Glyn Barrett ◽  
Dominic Revell ◽  
Lucy Harding ◽  
Ian Mills ◽  
Axelle Jorcin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Transport Mechanism ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Coral Rubble ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Covering Material ◽  
Tripneustes Gratilla ◽  
Tube Feet

We compared the covering behavior of four sea urchin species, Tripneustes gratilla, Pseudoboletia maculata, Toxopneustes pileolus, and Salmacis sphaeroides found in the waters of Malapascua Island, Cebu Province and Bolinao, Panagsinan Province, Philippines. Specifically, we measured the amount and type of covering material on each sea urchin, and in several cases, the recovery of debris material after stripping the animal of its cover. We found that Tripneustes gratilla and Salmacis sphaeroides have a higher affinity for plant material, especially seagrass, compared to Pseudoboletia maculata and Toxopneustes pileolus, which prefer to cover themselves with coral rubble and other calcified material. Only in Toxopneustes pileolus did we find a significant corresponding depth-dependent decrease in total cover area, confirming previous work that covering behavior serves as a protection mechanism against UV radiation. We found no dependence of particle size on either species or size of sea urchin, but we observed that larger sea urchins generally carried more and heavier debris. We observed a transport mechanism of debris onto the echinoid body surface utilizing a combination of tube feet and spines. We compare our results to previous studies, comment on the phylogeny of sea urchin covering behavior, and discuss the interpretation of this behavior as animal tool use.

Age determination, reproduction and growth of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus in Oshoro Bay, Hokkaido, Japan

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukio Agatsuma ◽  
Akifumi Nakata
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Test Diameter ◽  
Band Formation ◽  
Black Band ◽  
Hemicentrotus Pulcherrimus ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The age of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus in Oshoro Bay at the northern distributional limit of the species was ascertained by counting black bands in charred genital plates after etching. Consequently, the seasonal growth of two year-classes was monitored and the seasonal changes were related to the reproductive cycle and water temperature. A black band at the edge of the genital plates was found in more than 50% of the sea urchins from September to November. No statistical difference of the test diameter and body weight forming the bands between the estimated and actual values showed that the band is formed annually and can be used as a chronometer. The sea urchin grew rapidly for one and a half months, from late August to late September or early October when water temperature reached a maximum of >20°C, then began to fall while the gonads increased in size prior to maturation. Growth ceased during October to November with initiation of gonadal maturation and the peak of black band formation in genital plates. Spawning occurred from March to May, later than in southern Japan. The annual cycle of growth and reproduction of H. pulcherrimus may be flexibly adapted to surbarctic waters.

scholarly journals Morphometrics, gonad index, intestine index and latern index of sea urchins, Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Tiwoho and Kampung Ambong Beach, North Sulawesi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Dewi Feronika Manabung ◽  
Lawrence J. L. Lumingas ◽  
Meiske S. Salaki
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Gonad Index ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Test Diameter ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tripneustes Gratilla ◽  
Two Populations

Two populations of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) from two different habitats, Tiwoho and Kampung Ambong, show variations in morphometric and physiological characteristics. The average test diameter of the Tiwoho population is larger than the Kampung Ambong population. Although the two regressions of the test diameter – total weight relationship between the Tiwoho population and the Kampung Ambong population are identical, the T. gratilla of Tiwoho population has an isometric growth pattern whereas the Kampung Ambong population shows a negative allometric growth pattern. The two regressions of the test diameter – test height show identical slopes and intercepts and reveal an isometric growth for the two populations. For both populations, the gonad index is not affected by variations in the test diameter, but the gonad index of the Kampung Ambong population is greater than the gonad index of the Tiwoho population. Similarly, there is no significant relationship between the two variables, intestinal index, and test diameter, for both populations, and no significant difference in the intestinal index – test diameter regressions between the two populations. The relationship between the latern index – test diameter shows the lantern index remains constant with changes in the diameter test for the Tiwoho population. As for the Kampung Ambong population, the lantern index decreases with increasing test diameter. The two regressions of lantern index – test diameter show differences in the slopes of the lines, and this means that in adult size, the lantern index of the Tiwoho population is larger than the Kampong Ambong population. The low of the lantern index and the high of gonad index in Kampong Ambong could indicate more availability of food for sea urchins at this location compared to Tiwoho. Differences in food availability in the environment are thought to determine differences in the energy allocation strategies of the two populations of sea urchins T. gratilla.Key words: Tripneustes gratilla, allometric analysis, gonad index, intestinal index, lantern index, Tiwoho, Kampung Ambong.ABSTRACTDua populasi Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) dari dua habitat yang berbeda, Tiwoho dan Kampung Ambong, menunjukkan variasi dalam karakteristik morfometrik dan fisiologis. Diameter cangkang rata-rata populasi Tiwoho lebih besar dari populasi Kampung Ambong. Meskipun kedua regresi hubungan diameter cangkang – berat total antara populasi Tiwoho dan populasi Kampung Ambong adalah identik, T. gratilla populasi Tiwoho memiliki pola pertumbuhan isometrik sedangkan populasi Kampung Ambong menunjukkan pola pertumbuhan alometrik negatif. Dua regresi diameter cangkang - tinggi cangkang menunjukkan kesamaan kemiringan dan intersep dan memperlihatkan pertumbuhan isometrik untuk dua populasi. Untuk kedua populasi, indeks gonad tidak dipengaruhi oleh variasi diameter cangkang, tetapi indeks gonad populasi Kampung Ambong lebih besar dari pada indeks gonad populasi Tiwoho. Demikian pula, tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kedua variabel, indeks usus dan diameter cangkang, untuk kedua populasi, dan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan regresi indeks usus - diameter cangkang antara kedua populasi. Dalam hubungan diameter cangkang - indeks latern menunjukkan bahwa indeks lentera tetap konstan dengan perubahan diameter cangkang untuk populasi Tiwoho. Sedangkan untuk populasi Kampung Ambong, indeks lentera berkurang dengan meningkatnya diameter cangkang. Dua regresi indeks lentera – diameter cangkang menunjukkan perbedaan dalam kemiringan garis, dan ini berarti bahwa pada ukuran dewasa, indeks lentera populasi Tiwoho lebih besar dari populasi Kampung Ambong. Indeks lentera yang rendah dan indeks gonad yang tinggi di Kampung Ambong dapat mengindikasikan lebih banyak ketersediaan makanan untuk bulu babi di lokasi ini dibandingkan dengan di Tiwoho. Perbedaan ketersediaan makanan di lingkungan diperkirakan menentukan perbedaan dalam strategi alokasi energi dari dua populasi bulu babi T. gratilla.Kata kunci: Tripneustes gratilla, analisis allometrik, indeks gonad, indeks usus, indeks lentera, Tiwoho, Kampung Ambong

Evidence for Association of Vibrio Echinoideorum with Tissue Necrosis on Body Shell of the Green Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hira ◽  
Klara Stensvåg
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Green Sea Urchin

Abstract “Sea urchin lesion syndrome” is known as sea urchins disease with the progressive development of necrotic epidermal tissue and loss of external organs, including appendages on the outer body surface. Recently, a novel strain, Vibrio echinoideorum has been isolated from the lesions of green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis), an economically important mariculture species in Norway. V. echinoideorum has not been reported elsewhere in association of with green sea urchin lesion syndrome. Therefore, in this study, an immersion based bacterial challenge experiment was performed to expose sea urchins (wounded and non-wounded) to V. echinoideorum, thereby mimicking a nearly natural host-pathogen interaction under controlled conditions. This infection experiment demonstrated that only the injured sea urchins developed the lesion to a significant degree when exposed to V. echinoideorum. Pure cultures of the employed bacterial strain was recovered from the infected animals and its identity was confirmed by the MALDI-TOF MS spectra profiling. Additionally, the hemolytic phenotype of V. echinoideorum substantiated its virulence potential towards the host, and this was also supported by the cytolytic effect on red spherule cells of sea urchins. Furthermore, the genome sequence of V. echinoideorum was assumed to encode potential virulence genes and were subjected for in silico comparison with the established virulence factors of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio tasmaniensis. This comparative virulence profile provided novel insights about virulence genes and their putative functions related to chemotaxis, adherence, invasion, evasion of the host immune system, and damage of host tissue and cells. Thus, it supports the pathogenicity of V. echinoideorum. In conclusion, the interaction of V. echinoideorum with injured sea urchins appears to be essential for the development of lesion syndrome and therefore, revealing its potentiality as an opportunistic pathogen.

Host use pattern and life history of Liopetrolisthes mitra, a crab associate of the black sea urchin Tetrapygus niger

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Baeza ◽  
M. Thiel
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Average Density ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Reproductive Pattern ◽  
Host Use ◽  
Austral Spring ◽  
Use Pattern

The porcellanid crab Liopetrolisthes mitra is a common associate of the black sea urchin, Tetrapygus niger in north central Chile. The host-use pattern, population dynamics and reproductive pattern of L. mitra on sea urchins were examined between January 1996 and February 1997. Each month, between 60 and 95 per cent of all collected urchins hosted crabs, with the highest frequency of cohabitation occurring during the austral summer (January to March). Group sizes of crabs on individual urchins ranged from 1 to 25 crabs per host. The average density of crabs on the urchins ranged from 2 to 5.5 crabs per host. Large urchins were inhabited by crabs more frequently than small urchins but urchin size had no effect on the number or size of crabs. The sex ratio of adult crabs was ˜1:1 during most months. Reproduction occurred throughout the year but was most intense during the austral spring and summer (October to March), when the highest percentage of ovigerous females were found. Similarly, recruitment of L. mitra occurred throughout the year but reached a peak during austral summer and early autumn (January to May). All life stages of L. mitra including recently settled megalopae and reproductive adults were found on urchins. Size–frequency analysis indicated that many crabs live >1.5 years. The results of this study confirm that the association between L. mitra and T. niger is strong and persists throughout the benthic life of the commensal crab.

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