scholarly journals Expansion of apical extracellular matrix underlies the morphogenesis of a recently evolved structure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Jacquelyn Smith ◽  
Lance A. Davidson ◽  
Mark Rebeiz
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Morphological Novelty ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Cellular Development ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Novel Structures ◽  
Vast Network

AbstractOne of the fundamental gaps in our knowledge of the evolution of novel structures is understanding how the morphogenetic processes that form these structures arise. Here, we traced the cellular development of a morphological novelty, the posterior lobe of D. melanogaster. We found that this genital outgrowth forms through an extreme increase in cell height. By examining the apical extracellular matrix (aECM), we uncovered a vast network associated with the developing genitalia of lobed and non-lobed species. We observed that cells which will form the posterior lobe show expanded expression of the aECM protein Dumpy which connects them to the ancestral aECM network. Further analysis demonstrated a required role for Dumpy in cell height increase during development. We propose that the aECM presents a rich reservoir for generating morphological novelty, in addition to highlighting a yet unseen role for aECM in regulating extreme cell height.

scholarly journals Evolutionary expansion of apical extracellular matrix is required for the elongation of cells in a novel structure

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Jacquelyn Smith ◽  
Lance A Davidson ◽  
Mark Rebeiz
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Morphological Novelty ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Novel Structure ◽  
Cellular Development

One of the fundamental gaps in our knowledge of how novel anatomical structures evolve is understanding the origins of the morphogenetic processes that form these features. Here, we traced the cellular development of a recently evolved morphological novelty, the posterior lobe of D. melanogaster. We found that this genital outgrowth forms through extreme increases in epithelial cell height. By examining the apical extracellular matrix (aECM), we also uncovered a vast matrix associated with the developing genitalia of lobed and non-lobed species. Expression of the aECM protein Dumpy is spatially expanded in lobe-forming species, connecting the posterior lobe to the ancestrally derived aECM network. Further analysis demonstrated that Dumpy attachments are necessary for cell height increases during posterior lobe development. We propose that the aECM presents a rich reservoir for generating morphological novelty and highlights a yet unseen role for aECM in regulating extreme cell height.

Height Changes Associated with Pigment Aggregation in Xenopus laevis Melanophores

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-214
Author(s):  
Charlotte Immerstrand ◽  
Harriet M. Nilsson ◽  
Margaretha Lindroth ◽  
Tommy Sundqvist ◽  
Karl-Eric Magnusson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
Brownish Black ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Pigment Aggregation ◽  
Cell Centre

Melanophores are pigment cells found in the skin of lower vertebrates. The brownish-black pigment melanin is stored in organelles called melanosomes. In response to different stimuli, the cells can redistribute the melanosomes, and thereby change colour. During melanosome aggregation, a height increase has been observed in fish and frog melanophores across the cell centre. The mechanism by which the cell increases its height is unknown. Changes in cell shape can alter the electrical properties of the cell, and thereby be detected in impedance measurements. We have in earlier studies of Xenopus laevis melanophores shown that pigment aggregation can be revealed as impedance changes, and therefore we were interested in investigating the height changes associated with pigment aggregation further. Accordingly, we quantified the changes in cell height by performing vertical sectioning with confocal microscopy. In analogy with theories explaining the leading edge of migrating cells, we investigated the possibility that the elevation of plasma membrane is caused by local swelling due to influx of water through HgC12-sensitive aquaporins. We also measured the height of the microtubule structures to assess whether they are involved in the height increase. Our results show that pigment aggregation in X. laevis melanophores resulted in a significant height increase, which was substantially larger when aggregation was induced by latrunculin than with melatonin. Moreover, the elevation of the plasma membrane did not correlate with influx of water through aquaporins or formation of new microtubules, Rather, the accumulation of granules seemed to drive the change in cell height.

scholarly journals The extracellular matrix–myosin pathway in mechanotransduction: from molecule to tissue

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ionel Popa ◽  
Jennifer H. Gutzman
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Mechanical Signaling ◽  
Cellular Development

Mechanotransduction via the extracellular matrix (ECM)–myosin pathway is involved in determining cell morphology during development and in coupling external transient mechanical stimuli to the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Here, we present a review on the molecular mechanisms involved in this pathway and how they influence cellular development and organization. We investigate key proteins involved in the ECM–myosin pathway and discuss how specific binding events and conformational changes under force are related to mechanical signaling. We connect these molecular mechanisms with observed morphological changes at the cellular and organism level. Finally, we propose a model encompassing the biomechanical signals along the ECM–myosin pathway and how it could be involved in cell adhesion, cell migration, and tissue architecture.

scholarly journals A non-cell autonomous actin redistribution enables isotropic retinal growth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Matejčić ◽  
Guillaume Salbreux ◽  
Caren Norden
Keyword(s):  
Cell Shape ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Retinal Growth ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Global Increase ◽  
Shape Changes

AbstractTissue shape is often established early in development and needs to be scaled isotropically during growth. However, the cellular contributors and ways in which cells interact inside tissues to enable coordinated isotropic tissue scaling are not yet understood. Here, we follow cell and tissue shape changes in the zebrafish retinal neuroepithelium, which forms a cup with a smooth surface early in development and maintains this architecture as it grows. By combining 3D analysis and theory, we show that a global increase in cell height is necessary to maintain this tissue shape during growth. Timely cell height increase is governed by non-cell autonomous actin redistribution. Blocking actin redistribution and cell height increase perturbs isotropic scaling and leads to disturbed, folded tissue shape. Taken together, our data show how global changes in cell shape enable isotropic growth of the developing retinal neuroepithelium, a concept that could also apply to other systems.

scholarly journals Roles of basolateral solute uptake via NKCC1 and of myosin II in vasopressin-induced cell swelling in inner medullary collecting duct

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (1) ◽  
pp. F192-F201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Lin Chou ◽  
Ming-Jiun Yu ◽  
Eliza M. Kassai ◽  
Ryan G. Morris ◽  
Jason D. Hoffert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shape Change ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Cell Shape Change ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Solute Uptake ◽  
Height Increase

Collecting duct cells swell when exposed to arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the presence of a transepithelial osmolality gradient. We investigated the mechanisms of AVP-induced cell swelling in isolated, perfused rat inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCDs) using quantitative video microscopy and fluorescence-based measurements of transepithelial water transport. We tested the roles of transepithelial water flow, basolateral solute entry, and the cytoskeleton (actomyosin). When a transepithelial osmolality gradient was imposed by addition of NaCl to the bath, AVP significantly increased both water flux and cell height. When the osmolality gradient was imposed by addition of mannitol, AVP increased water flux but not cell height, suggesting that AVP-induced cell swelling requires a NaCl gradient and is not merely dependent on the associated water flux. Bumetanide (Na-K-2Cl cotransporter inhibitor) added to the bath markedly diminished the AVP-induced cell height increase. AVP-induced cell swelling was absent in IMCDs from NKCC1-knockout mice. In rat IMCDs, replacement of Na, K, or Cl in the peritubular bath caused significant cell shrinkage, consistent with a basolateral solute transport pathway dependent on all three ions. Immunocytochemistry using an antibody to NKCC1 confirmed basolateral expression in IMCD cells. The conventional nonmuscle myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin also diminished the AVP-induced cell height increase and cell shape change, consistent with a role for the actin cytoskeleton and myosin II. We conclude that the AVP-induced cell height increase is dependent on basolateral solute uptake via NKCC1 and changes in actin organization via myosin II, but is not dependent specifically on increased apical water entry.

Cardiac myocytes cultured on a basement membrane extract of the ehs tumor

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 270-271
Author(s):  
L. Terracio ◽  
A. Dewey ◽  
K. Rubin ◽  
T.K. Borg
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Cardiac Myocytes ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Cell Spreading ◽  
Collagen Iv ◽  
Basement Membrane Extract ◽  
Membrane Extract ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

The recognition and interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM) effects the normal physiology as well as the pathology of all multicellular organisms. These interactions have been shown to influence the growth, development, and maintenance of normal tissue function. In previous studies, we have shown that neonatal cardiac myocytes specifically interacts with a variety of ECM components including fibronectin, laminin, and collagens I, III and IV. Culturing neonatal myocytes on laminin and collagen IV induces an increased rate of both cell spreading and sarcomerogenesis.

Neutrophil migration through in vitro interstitial matrix

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 894-895
Author(s):  
J. Roemer ◽  
S.R. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Neutrophil Migration ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Aortic Smooth Muscle ◽  
Specific Culture

We are developing an in vitro interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) system for study of inflammatory cell migration. Falcon brand Cyclopore membrane inserts of various pore sizes are used as a support substrate for production of ECM by R22 rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Under specific culture conditions these cells produce a highly insoluble matrix consisting of typical interstitial ECM components, i.e.: types I and III collagen, elastin, proteoglycans and fibronectin.

The extracellular matrix of echinoderm and amphibian eggs: Visualization in quick-frozen, deep-etched, and rotary-shadowed specimens

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-61
Author(s):  
Barry Bonnell ◽  
Carolyn Larabell ◽  
Douglas Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Cortical Granule ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Deep Etching ◽  
Quick Freezing ◽  
Acrosomal Reaction

Eggs of many species including those of echinoderms, amphibians and mammals exhibit an extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) that is important both in the reception of sperm and in providing a block to polyspermy after fertilization.In sea urchin eggs there are two distinctive coats, the vitelline layer which contains glycoprotein sperm receptors and the jelly layer that contains fucose sulfate glycoconjugates which trigger the acrosomal reaction and small peptides which act as chemoattractants for sperm. The vitelline layer (VL), as visualized by quick-freezing, deep-etching, and rotary-shadowing (QFDE-RS), is a fishnet-like structure, anchored to the plasma membrane by short posts. Orbiting above the VL are horizontal filaments which are thought to anchor the thicker jelly layer to the egg. Upon fertilization, the VL elevates and is transformed by cortical granule secretions into the fertilization envelope (FE). The rounded casts of microvilli in the VL are transformed into angular peaks and the envelope becomes coated inside and out with sheets of paracrystalline protein having a quasi-two dimensional crystalline structure.

Extracellular matrix: the gatekeeper of tumor angiogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1543-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Mongiat ◽  
Simone Buraschi ◽  
Eva Andreuzzi ◽  
Thomas Neill ◽  
Renato V. Iozzo
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Tumor Angiogenesis ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Cancer Growth ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Metastatic Progression ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Multiple Signaling

Abstract The extracellular matrix is a network of secreted macromolecules that provides a harmonious meshwork for the growth and homeostatic development of organisms. It conveys multiple signaling cascades affecting specific surface receptors that impact cell behavior. During cancer growth, this bioactive meshwork is remodeled and enriched in newly formed blood vessels, which provide nutrients and oxygen to the growing tumor cells. Remodeling of the tumor microenvironment leads to the formation of bioactive fragments that may have a distinct function from their parent molecules, and the balance among these factors directly influence cell viability and metastatic progression. Indeed, the matrix acts as a gatekeeper by regulating the access of cancer cells to nutrients. Here, we will critically evaluate the role of selected matrix constituents in regulating tumor angiogenesis and provide up-to-date information concerning their primary mechanisms of action.

1280: Increased Susceptibility to Genitovaginal Prolapse Associated with a Polymorphism in the Promoter of the Extracellular Matrix Protein LAMC1

2007 ◽  
Vol 177 (4S) ◽  
pp. 421-422
Author(s):  
Ganka Nikolova ◽  
Christian O. Twiss ◽  
Hane Lee ◽  
Nelson Stanley ◽  
Janet Sinsheimer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Protein ◽  
Increased Susceptibility
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