scholarly journals A novel decellularization method to produce brain scaffolds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro E.C. Granato ◽  
Edgar Ferreira da Cruz ◽  
Dorival Mendes Rodrigues-Junior ◽  
Amanda Cristina Mosini ◽  
Henning Ulrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Cell Growth And Differentiation ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTScaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) can assist tissue remodeling and repair following injury. The ECM is a complex biomaterial composed of proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans, secreted by cells. The ECM contains fundamental biological cues that modulate cell behavior and serves as a structural scaffold for cell adhesion and growth. For clinical applications, where immune rejection is a constraint, ECM can be processed using decellularization methods intended to remove cells and donor antigens from tissue or organs, while preserving native biological cues essential for cell growth and differentiation. Recent studies show bioengineered organs composed by a combination of a diversity of materials and stem cells as a possibility of new therapeutic strategies to treat diseases that affect different tissues and organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, the methodologies currently described for brain decellularization involve the use of several chemical reagents with many steps that ultimately limit the process of organ or tissue recellularization. Here, we describe for the first time a fast and straightforward method for complete decellularization of mice brain by the combination of rapid freezing and thawing following the use of only one detergent (Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)). Our data show that using the protocol we describe here the brain can be entirely decellularized, while still maintaining ECM components that are essential for cell survival and repopulation of the scaffold. Our results also show the repopulation of the decellularized brain matrix with Neuro2a cells, that were identified by immunohistochemistry in their undifferentiated form. We conclude that this novel and simple method for brain decellularization can be used as a biocompatible scaffold for cell repopulation.Impact StatementFor the first time we describe an easy, effective and low cost method for complete decellularization of murine brain by the use of only one detergent (SDS) combined with rapid freezing and thawing, that can be used as a 3D scaffold for cell culture of neuronal cells. The results show that the decellularized brains still maintain ECM components essential for cell survival and repopulation of the scaffold. Moreover, we found that the decellularized brain matrix can be repopulated with neural cells, showing its biocompatibility.GRAFICAL ABSTRACT

A simple method to construct a low-cost immunosensor based on a dithiol-functionalized polydopamine platform

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Liu ◽  
Luanying Yang ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Sha He ◽  
Xiaobo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Covalent Immobilization ◽  
The Self ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Low Detection Limit

A simple and low-cost electrochemical CEA immunosensor was investigated via the self-polymerization of dopamine and a dithiol compound spacer for the covalent immobilization of antibodies. The designed CEA immunosensor exhibited a linear response and a low detection limit.

scholarly journals UV Inscription and Pressure Induced Long-Period Gratings through 3D Printed Amplitude Masks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1977
Author(s):  
Ricardo Oliveira ◽  
Liliana M. Sousa ◽  
Ana M. Rocha ◽  
Rogério Nogueira ◽  
Lúcia Bilro
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Resonance Wavelength ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Pressing Method ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Long Period Gratings ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Mechanical Pressing ◽  
First Time

In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the capability to inscribe long-period gratings (LPGs) with UV radiation using simple and low cost amplitude masks fabricated with a consumer grade 3D printer. The spectrum obtained for a grating with 690 µm period and 38 mm length presented good quality, showing sharp resonances (i.e., 3 dB bandwidth < 3 nm), low out-of-band loss (~0.2 dB), and dip losses up to 18 dB. Furthermore, the capability to select the resonance wavelength has been demonstrated using different amplitude mask periods. The customization of the masks makes it possible to fabricate gratings with complex structures. Additionally, the simplicity in 3D printing an amplitude mask solves the problem of the lack of amplitude masks on the market and avoids the use of high resolution motorized stages, as is the case of the point-by-point technique. Finally, the 3D printed masks were also used to induce LPGs using the mechanical pressing method. Due to the better resolution of these masks compared to ones described on the state of the art, we were able to induce gratings with higher quality, such as low out-of-band loss (0.6 dB), reduced spectral ripples, and narrow bandwidths (~3 nm).

scholarly journals Encapsulation of Phase Change Materials Using Layer-by-Layer Assembled Polyelectrolytes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangying Yi ◽  
Gleb B. Sukhorokov ◽  
Jin Ma ◽  
Xiaobo Yang ◽  
Zhongwei Gu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Latent Heat Storage ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Lbl Assembly ◽  
Acid Sodium Salt ◽  
Assembly Technique

Phase change materials absorb the thermal energy when changing their phases (e.g., solid-to-liquid) at constant temperatures to achieve the latent heat storage. The major drawbacks such as limited thermal conductivity and leakage prevent the PCMs from wide application in desired areas. In this work, an environmentally friendly and low cost approach, layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique, was applied to build up ultrathin shells to encapsulate the PCMs and therefore to regulate their changes in volume when the phase change occurs. Generally, the oppositely charged strong polyelectrolytes Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) sodium salt (PSS) were employed to fabricate multilayer shells on emulsified octadecane droplets using either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant. Specifically, using BSA as the surfactant, polyelectrolyte encapsulated octadecane spheres in size of ∼500 nm were obtained, with good shell integrity, high octadecane content (91.3% by mass), and good thermal stability after cycles of thermal treatments.

scholarly journals A set of simple methods for detection and extraction of laminarinase

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananthamurthy Koteshwara ◽  
Nancy V. Philip ◽  
Jesil Mathew Aranjani ◽  
Raghu Chandrashekhar Hariharapura ◽  
Subrahmanyam Volety Mallikarjuna
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Functional Step

AbstractA carefully designed ammonium sulfate precipitation will simplify extraction of proteins and is considered to be a gold standard among various precipitation methods. Therefore, optimization of ammonium sulfate precipitation can be an important functional step in protein purification. The presence of high amounts of ammonium sulphate precludes direct detection of many enzymatically active proteins including reducing sugar assays (e.g. Nelson-Somogyi, Reissig and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid methods) for assessing carbohydrases (e.g. laminarinase (β (1–3)-glucanohydrolase), cellulases and chitinases). In this study, a simple method was developed using laminarin infused agarose plate for the direct analysis of the ammonium sulphate precipitates from Streptomyces rimosus AFM-1. The developed method is simple and convenient that can give accurate results even in presence of ammonium sulfate in the crude precipitates. Laminarin is a translucent substrate requiring the use of a stain to visualize the zones of hydrolysis in a plate assay. A very low-cost and locally available fluorescent optical fabric brightener Tinopal CBS-X has been used as a stain to detect the zones of hydrolysis. We also report simple methods to prepare colloidal chitin and cell free supernatant in this manuscript.

scholarly journals S-N Curve Characterisation for Composite Materials and Prediction of Remaining Fatigue Life Using Damage Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Ho Sung Kim ◽  
Saijie Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Damage Function ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Arbitrary Choice ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
First Time ◽  
Remaining Fatigue Life

S-N curve characterisation and prediction of remaining fatigue life are studied using polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG). A new simple method for finding a data point at the lowest number of cycles for the Kim and Zhang S-N curve model is proposed to avoid the arbitrary choice of loading rate for tensile testing. It was demonstrated that the arbitrary choice of loading rate may likely lead to an erroneous characterisation for the prediction of the remaining fatigue life. The previously proposed theoretical method for predicting the remaining fatigue life of composite materials involving the damage function was verified at a stress ratio of 0.4 for the first time. Both high to low and low to high loadings were conducted for predicting the remaining fatigue lives and a good agreement between predictions and experimental results was found. Fatigue damage consisting of cracks and whitening is described.

scholarly journals A Facile and Green Synthesis of a MoO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel for Energy Storage Devices

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Serrapede ◽  
Marco Fontana ◽  
Arnaud Gigot ◽  
Marco Armandi ◽  
Glenda Biasotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Reduced Graphene Oxide ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Xps Analysis ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Reduced Graphene

A simple, low cost, and “green” method of hydrothermal synthesis, based on the addition of l-ascorbic acid (l-AA) as a reducing agent, is presented in order to obtain reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and hybrid rGO-MoO2 aerogels for the fabrication of supercapacitors. The resulting high degree of chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO), confirmed by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, is shown to produce a better electrical double layer (EDL) capacitance, as shown by cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements. Moreover, a good reduction yield of the carbonaceous 3D-scaffold seems to be achievable even when the precursor of molybdenum oxide is added to the pristine slurry in order to get the hybrid rGO-MoO2 compound. The pseudocapacitance contribution from the resulting embedded MoO2 microstructures, was then studied by means of CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The oxidation state of the molybdenum in the MoO2 particles embedded in the rGO aerogel was deeply studied by means of XPS analysis and valuable information on the electrochemical behavior, according to the involved redox reactions, was obtained. Finally, the increased stability of the aerogels prepared with l-AA, after charge-discharge cycling, was demonstrated and confirmed by means of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) characterization.

scholarly journals Mechanical and Thermoelectric Properties of Bulk AlSb Synthesized by Controlled Melting, Pulverizing and Subsequent Vacuum Hot Pressing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. M. Ashiquzzaman Shawon ◽  
Soon-Chul Ur
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Thermoelectric Properties ◽  
Hot Pressing ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Aluminum Antimonide ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Indirect Band Gap ◽  
First Time

Aluminum antimonide is a semiconductor of the Group III-V order. With a wide indirect band gap, AlSb is one of the least discovered of this family of semiconductors. Bulk synthesis of AlSb has been reported on numerous occasions, but obtaining a single phase has always proven to be extremely difficult. This work reports a simple method for the synthesis of single-phase AlSb. Subsequently, consolidation was done into a near single-phase highly dense semiconductor in a form usable for thermoelectric applications. Further, the thermoelectric properties of this system are accounted for the first time. In addition, the mechanical properties of the intermetallic compound are briefly discussed for a possibility of further use.

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