scholarly journals A burst of genetic innovation in actin-related proteins (Arps) for testis-specific function in a Drosophila lineage

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney M. Schroeder ◽  
John Valenzuela ◽  
Glen M. Hocky ◽  
Harmit S. Malik
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Actin Networks ◽  
Male Germline ◽  
The Common ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
Sperm Heteromorphism ◽  
Related Proteins

AbstractMany cytoskeletal proteins form the core of fundamental biological processes and are evolutionarily ancient. For example, the superfamily of actin-related proteins (Arps) specialized early in eukaryotic evolution for diverse cellular roles in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Despite its strict conservation across eukaryotes, we find that the Arp superfamily has undergone dramatic lineage-specific diversification in Drosophila. Our phylogenomic analyses reveal four independent Arp gene duplications that originated in the common ancestor of the obscura group of Drosophila species and have been mostly preserved in this lineage. All four Arp paralogs have evolved under positive selection and are predominantly expressed in the male germline. We focus our analyses on the divergent Arp2D paralog, which arose via a retroduplication event from Arp2, a component of the 7-membered Arp2/3 complex that polymerizes branched actin networks. Computational modeling analyses suggest that Arp2D should be able to replace Arp2 in the Arp2/3 complex and bind daughter actin monomers, suggesting that Arp2D may augment Arp2’s functions in the male germline. We find that Arp2D is expressed during and following meiosis in the male germline, where it localizes to distinct locations such as actin cones–pecialized cytoskeletal structures that separate bundled spermatids into individual mature sperm. We hypothesize that this unprecedented burst of genetic innovation in cytoskeletal proteins may have been driven by the evolution of sperm heteromorphism in the obscura group of Drosophila.

scholarly journals A Burst of Genetic Innovation in Drosophila Actin-Related Proteins for Testis-Specific Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-772
Author(s):  
Courtney M Schroeder ◽  
John R Valenzuela ◽  
Isabel Mejia Natividad ◽  
Glen M Hocky ◽  
Harmit S Malik
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
Male Meiosis ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Actin Networks ◽  
Male Germline ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
Sperm Heteromorphism ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Obscura Group

Abstract Many cytoskeletal proteins perform fundamental biological processes and are evolutionarily ancient. For example, the superfamily of actin-related proteins (Arps) specialized early in eukaryotic evolution for diverse cellular roles in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Despite its strict conservation across eukaryotes, we find that the Arp superfamily has undergone dramatic lineage-specific diversification in Drosophila. Our phylogenomic analyses reveal four independent Arp gene duplications that occurred in the common ancestor of the obscura group of Drosophila and have been mostly preserved in this lineage. All four obscura-specific Arp paralogs are predominantly expressed in the male germline and have evolved under positive selection. We focus our analyses on the divergent Arp2D paralog, which arose via a retroduplication event from Arp2, a component of the Arp2/3 complex that polymerizes branched actin networks. Computational modeling analyses suggest that Arp2D can replace Arp2 in the Arp2/3 complex and bind actin monomers. Together with the signature of positive selection, our findings suggest that Arp2D may augment Arp2’s functions in the male germline. Indeed, we find that Arp2D is expressed during and following male meiosis, where it localizes to distinct locations such as actin cones—specialized cytoskeletal structures that separate bundled spermatids into individual mature sperm. We hypothesize that this unprecedented burst of genetic innovation in cytoskeletal proteins may have been driven by the evolution of sperm heteromorphism in the obscura group of Drosophila.

scholarly journals Expansion of phycobilisome linker gene families in mesophilic red algae

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
JunMo Lee ◽  
Dongseok Kim ◽  
Debashish Bhattacharya ◽  
Hwan Su Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Red Algae ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Porphyridium Purpureum ◽  
The Core ◽  
Photosynthetic Machinery ◽  
The Common

Abstract The common ancestor of red algae (Rhodophyta) has undergone massive genome reduction, whereby 25% of the gene inventory has been lost, followed by its split into the species-poor extremophilic Cyanidiophytina and the broadly distributed mesophilic red algae. Success of the mesophile radiation is surprising given their highly reduced gene inventory. To address this latter issue, we combine an improved genome assembly from the unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum with a diverse collection of other algal genomes to reconstruct ancient endosymbiotic gene transfers (EGTs) and gene duplications. We find EGTs associated with the core photosynthetic machinery that may have played important roles in plastid establishment. More significant are the extensive duplications and diversification of nuclear gene families encoding phycobilisome linker proteins that stabilize light-harvesting functions. We speculate that the origin of these complex families in mesophilic red algae may have contributed to their adaptation to a diversity of light environments.

The Possible Common Origin of tRNA and 5S rRNA

1983 ◽  
Vol 38 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Ujhelyi
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
5S Rrna ◽  
Mitochondrial Trna ◽  
Trna Molecule ◽  
The Common

Seryl tRNA (anticodon GCU) from mammalian mito­chondria shows in comparison to other mitochondrial tRNAs additional special features differing from the generalized tRNA model. When arranged in the tradi­tional cloverleaf form, eight bases fall within the TΨC loop, and the entire dihydrouridine loop is lacking. This seryl tRNA molecule is therefore shorter than other tRNAs. It was originally thought to represent a mito­chondrial analogon of 5 S rRNA and its precise classifica­tion is still disputed. The present studies suggest that this mitochondrial tRNA represents a fossil molecule which is related to the common ancestor of the present tRNA and 5 S rRNA molecules.

scholarly journals Ancestral gene duplications in mosses characterized by integrated phylogenomic analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bei Gao ◽  
Mo‐Xian Chen ◽  
Xiao‐Shuang Li ◽  
Yu‐Qing Liang ◽  
Dao‐Yuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Ancestral Gene ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses

scholarly journals Role of the Digestive Gland in Ink Production in Four Species of Sea Hares: An Ultrastructural Comparison

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Prince ◽  
Paul Micah Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Aplysia Californica ◽  
Digestive Cell ◽  
Digestive Cells ◽  
Sea Hare ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
The Common ◽  
Algal Chloroplast

The ultrastructure of the digestive gland of several sea hare species that produce different colored ink (Aplysia californicaproduces purple ink,A. julianawhite ink,A. parvulaboth white and purple ink, whileDolabrifera dolabriferaproduces no ink at all) was compared to determine the digestive gland’s role in the diet-derived ink production process. Rhodoplast digestive cells and their digestive vacuoles, the site of digestion of red algal chloroplast (i.e., rhodoplast) inA. californica, were present and had a similar ultrastructure in all four species. Rhodoplast digestive cell vacuoles either contained a whole rhodoplast or fragments of one or were empty. These results suggest that the inability to produce colored ink in some sea hare species is not due to either an absence of appropriate digestive machinery, that is, rhodoplast digestive cells, or an apparent failure of rhodoplast digestive cells to function. These results also propose that the digestive gland structure described herein occurred early in sea hare evolution, at least in the common ancestor to the generaAplysiaandDolabrifera. Our data, however, do not support the hypothesis that the loss of purple inking is a synapomorphy of the white-ink-producing subgenusAplysia.

scholarly journals Sexual reproduction and genetic exchange in parasitic protists

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (S1) ◽  
pp. S120-S127 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARETH D. WEEDALL ◽  
NEIL HALL
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Eukaryotic Evolution ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Parasite Reproduction ◽  
The Common ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes

SUMMARYA key part of the life cycle of an organism is reproduction. For a number of important protist parasites that cause human and animal disease, their sexuality has been a topic of debate for many years. Traditionally, protists were considered to be primitive relatives of the ‘higher’ eukaryotes, which may have diverged prior to the evolution of sex and to reproduce by binary fission. More recent views of eukaryotic evolution suggest that sex, and meiosis, evolved early, possibly in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. However, detecting sex in these parasites is not straightforward. Recent advances, particularly in genome sequencing technology, have allowed new insights into parasite reproduction. Here, we review the evidence on reproduction in parasitic protists. We discuss protist reproduction in the light of parasitic life cycles and routes of transmission among hosts.

Whole-genome analysis-based phylogeographic investigation of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A sequence type 320 isolates in Japan.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Nakano ◽  
Takao Fujisawa ◽  
Bin Chang ◽  
Yutaka Ito ◽  
Hideki Akeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Whole Genome Analysis ◽  
Identification Rate ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
The Common ◽  
The U.S

After the introduction of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, the global spread of multidrug resistant serotype 19A-ST320 strains became a public health concern. In Japan, the main genotype of serotype 19A was ST3111, and the identification rate of ST320 was low. Although the isolates were sporadically detected in both adults and children, their origin remains unknown. Thus, by combining pneumococcal isolates collected in three nationwide pneumococcal surveillance studies conducted in Japan between 2008 and 2020, we analyzed 56 serotype 19A-ST320 isolates along with 931 global isolates, using whole-genome sequencing to uncover the transmission route of the globally distributed clone in Japan. The clone was frequently detected in Okinawa Prefecture, where the U.S. returned to Japan in 1972. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the isolates from Japan were genetically related to those from the U.S.; therefore, the common ancestor may have originated in the U.S. In addition, Bayesian analysis suggested that the time to the most recent common ancestor of the isolates form Japan and the U.S. was approximately the 1990s to 2000, suggesting the possibility that the common ancestor could have already spread in the U.S. before the Taiwan 19F-14 isolate was first identified in a Taiwanese hospital in 1997. The phylogeographical analysis supported the transmission of the clone from the U.S. to Japan, but the analysis could be influenced by sampling bias. These results suggested the possibility that the serotype 19A-ST320 clone had already spread in the U.S. before being imported into Japan.

scholarly journals Evolution of the C-Type Lectin-Like Receptor Genes of the DECTIN-1 Cluster in the NK Gene Complex

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Sattler ◽  
Hormas Ghadially ◽  
Erhard Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Gene Complex ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recognition Function ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Evolutionary Emergence ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Nk Gene Complex

Pattern recognition receptors are crucial in initiating and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses and often belong to families of structurally and evolutionarily related proteins. The human C-type lectin-like receptors encoded in the DECTIN-1 cluster within the NK gene complex contain prominent receptors with pattern recognition function, such as DECTIN-1 and LOX-1. All members of this cluster share significant homology and are considered to have arisen from subsequent gene duplications. Recent developments in sequencing and the availability of comprehensive sequence data comprising many species showed that the receptors of the DECTIN-1 cluster are not only homologous to each other but also highly conserved between species. Even inCaenorhabditis elegans, genes displaying homology to the mammalian C-type lectin-like receptors have been detected. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic survey and give an up-to-date overview of the currently available data on the evolutionary emergence of the DECTIN-1 cluster genes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document