scholarly journals Evolution of the C-Type Lectin-Like Receptor Genes of the DECTIN-1 Cluster in the NK Gene Complex

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Sattler ◽  
Hormas Ghadially ◽  
Erhard Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Gene Complex ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recognition Function ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Evolutionary Emergence ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Nk Gene Complex

Pattern recognition receptors are crucial in initiating and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses and often belong to families of structurally and evolutionarily related proteins. The human C-type lectin-like receptors encoded in the DECTIN-1 cluster within the NK gene complex contain prominent receptors with pattern recognition function, such as DECTIN-1 and LOX-1. All members of this cluster share significant homology and are considered to have arisen from subsequent gene duplications. Recent developments in sequencing and the availability of comprehensive sequence data comprising many species showed that the receptors of the DECTIN-1 cluster are not only homologous to each other but also highly conserved between species. Even inCaenorhabditis elegans, genes displaying homology to the mammalian C-type lectin-like receptors have been detected. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic survey and give an up-to-date overview of the currently available data on the evolutionary emergence of the DECTIN-1 cluster genes.

Software pattern recognition applied to nanodiffraction patterns from a STEM instrument

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 694-695
Author(s):  
G.Y. Fan ◽  
J.M. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Host Computer ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Image Processing System ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
On Line

In recent developments, the ASU HB5 has been modified so that the timing, positioning, and scanning of the finely focused electron probe can be entirely controlled by a host computer. This made the asynchronized handshake possible between the HB5 STEM and the image processing system which consists of host computer (PDP 11/34), DeAnza image processor (IP 5000) which is interfaced with a low-light level TV camera, array processor (AP 400) and various peripheral devices. This greatly facilitates the pattern recognition technique initiated by Monosmith and Cowley. Software called NANHB5 is under development which, instead of employing a set of photo-diodes to detect strong spots on a TV screen, uses various software techniques including on-line fast Fourier transform (FFT) to recognize patterns of greater complexity, taking advantage of the sophistication of our image processing system and the flexibility of computer software.

Explainable Deep Learning for Efficient and Robust Pattern Recognition: A Survey of Recent Developments

2021 ◽  
pp. 108102
Author(s):  
Xiao Bai ◽  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Xianglong Liu ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Jingkuan Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Recent Developments

scholarly journals Pattern Recognition Proteins: First Line of Defense Against Coronaviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Labarrere ◽  
Ghassan S. Kassab
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recognition Protein ◽  
Pattern Recognition Protein

The rapid outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China, has become a worldwide pandemic affecting almost 204 million people and causing more than 4.3 million deaths as of August 11 2021. This pandemic has placed a substantial burden on the global healthcare system and the global economy. Availability of novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are crucially needed to prevent development of severe disease leading to major complications both acutely and chronically. The success in fighting this virus results from three main achievements: (a) Direct killing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (b) Development of a specific vaccine, and (c) Enhancement of the host’s immune system. A fundamental necessity to win the battle against the virus involves a better understanding of the host’s innate and adaptive immune response to the virus. Although the role of the adaptive immune response is directly involved in the generation of a vaccine, the role of innate immunity on RNA viruses in general, and coronaviruses in particular, is mostly unknown. In this review, we will consider the structure of RNA viruses, mainly coronaviruses, and their capacity to affect the lungs and the cardiovascular system. We will also consider the effects of the pattern recognition protein (PRP) trident composed by (a) Surfactant proteins A and D, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement component 1q (C1q), (b) C-reactive protein, and (c) Innate and adaptive IgM antibodies, upon clearance of viral particles and apoptotic cells in lungs and atherosclerotic lesions. We emphasize on the role of pattern recognition protein immune therapies as a combination treatment to prevent development of severe respiratory syndrome and to reduce pulmonary and cardiovascular complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and summarize the need of a combined therapeutic approach that takes into account all aspects of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease to allow mankind to beat this pandemic killer.

scholarly journals The soluble pattern recognition receptor PTX3 links humoral innate and adaptive immune responses by helping marginal zone B cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 213 (10) ◽  
pp. 2167-2185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejo Chorny ◽  
Sandra Casas-Recasens ◽  
Jordi Sintes ◽  
Meimei Shan ◽  
Nadia Polentarutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptor ◽  
Marginal Zone B Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recognition Receptor

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a fluid-phase pattern recognition receptor of the humoral innate immune system with ancestral antibody-like properties but unknown antibody-inducing function. In this study, we found binding of PTX3 to splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells, an innate-like subset of antibody-producing lymphocytes strategically positioned at the interface between the circulation and the adaptive immune system. PTX3 was released by a subset of neutrophils that surrounded the splenic MZ and expressed an immune activation–related gene signature distinct from that of circulating neutrophils. Binding of PTX3 promoted homeostatic production of IgM and class-switched IgG antibodies to microbial capsular polysaccharides, which decreased in PTX3-deficient mice and humans. In addition, PTX3 increased IgM and IgG production after infection with blood-borne encapsulated bacteria or immunization with bacterial carbohydrates. This immunogenic effect stemmed from the activation of MZ B cells through a neutrophil-regulated pathway that elicited class switching and plasmablast expansion via a combination of T cell–independent and T cell–dependent signals. Thus, PTX3 may bridge the humoral arms of the innate and adaptive immune systems by serving as an endogenous adjuvant for MZ B cells. This property could be harnessed to develop more effective vaccines against encapsulated pathogens.

Adaptive immunity

2010 ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Single Organism

Following the innate immune response, which acts very rapidly, the adaptive immune response plays a critical role in host defence against infectious disease. Unlike the innate response, which is triggered by pattern recognition of pathogens, i.e. features that are common to many bacteria or viruses, the adaptive response is triggered by structural features—known as antigens or epitopes—that are typically unique to a single organism....

scholarly journals AcrHub: an integrative hub for investigating, predicting and mapping anti-CRISPR proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (D1) ◽  
pp. D630-D638
Author(s):  
Jiawei Wang ◽  
Wei Dai ◽  
Jiahui Li ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Ruopeng Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

Abstract Anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins naturally inhibit CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems across bacterial and archaeal domains of life. This emerging field has caused a paradigm shift in the way we think about the CRISPR-Cas system, and promises a number of useful applications from gene editing to phage therapy. As the number of verified and predicted Acrs rapidly expands, few online resources have been developed to deal with this wealth of information. To overcome this shortcoming, we developed AcrHub, an integrative database to provide an all-in-one solution for investigating, predicting and mapping Acr proteins. AcrHub catalogs 339 non-redundant experimentally validated Acrs and over 70 000 predicted Acrs extracted from genome sequence data from a diverse range of prokaryotic organisms and their viruses. It integrates state-of-the-art predictors to predict potential Acrs, and incorporates three analytical modules: similarity analysis, phylogenetic analysis and homology network analysis, to analyze their relationships with known Acrs. By interconnecting all modules as a platform, AcrHub presents enriched and in-depth analysis of known and potential Acrs and therefore provides new and exciting insights into the future of Acr discovery and validation. AcrHub is freely available at http://pacrispr.erc.monash.edu/AcrHub/.

Data, methods and assumptions in phylogenetic inference

1990 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG West ◽  
DP Faith
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Inference ◽  
Consistency Index ◽  
Significance Testing ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Distance Data ◽  
Evaluation Of Data ◽  
Process Based Models

We consider data, methods and assumptions in relation to phylogenetic inference under two main themes, that of assumptions and models relating to methodology (independent of the data), and assumptions and models relating to kinds of data (independent of the methods). Some aspects of methodological assumptions are well known, e.g. those contrasting cladistics and phenetics, but more detailed study of methodological assumptions is needed in relation to analysis of quantitative data and to analysis of distance data. Debate over assumptions relating purely to methodology has perhaps overshadowed considerations of assumptions relating to data. Pattern based evaluation of data includes congruence/consensus measures, iterative weighting schemes and calculation of statistics such as consistency index. These strategies are complementary to recent attempts to build more process based models, for example in the rationale for weighting of transversions over transitions in analysis of sequence data. Recent developments in significance testing bridge the gap between pattern based and process based models. In both of these contexts biological knowledge and interpretation will play an important role.

scholarly journals The role of chordin fragments generated by partial tolloid cleavage in regulating BMP activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 795-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Troilo ◽  
Anne L. Barrett ◽  
Alexander P. Wohl ◽  
Thomas A. Jowitt ◽  
Richard F. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Twisted Gastrulation ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Factor Type ◽  
Bmp Signalling ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor

Chordin-mediated regulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family growth factors is essential in early embryogenesis and adult homoeostasis. Chordin binds to BMPs through cysteine-rich von Willebrand factor type C (vWC) homology domains and blocks them from interacting with their cell surface receptors. These domains also self-associate and enable chordin to target related proteins to fine-tune BMP regulation. The chordin–BMP inhibitory complex is strengthened by the secreted glycoprotein twisted gastrulation (Tsg); however, inhibition is relieved by cleavage of chordin at two specific sites by tolloid family metalloproteases. As Tsg enhances this cleavage process, it serves a dual role as both promoter and inhibitor of BMP signalling. Recent developments in chordin research suggest that rather than simply being by-products, the cleavage fragments of chordin continue to play a role in BMP regulation. In particular, chordin cleavage at the C-terminus potentiates its anti-BMP activity in a type-specific manner.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document