scholarly journals Dual midbrain and forebrain origins of thalamic inhibitory interneurons

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polona Jager ◽  
Gerald Moore ◽  
Padraic Calpin ◽  
Xhuljana Durmishi ◽  
Yoshiaki Kita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Expected Complexity ◽  
Local Circuits ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence

AbstractThe proportion and distribution of local inhibitory neurons (interneurons) in the thalamus varies widely across mammals. The ubiquitous presence of interneurons in the thalamus of primates contrasts with the extreme sparsity of interneurons reported in mice and other small-brained mammals. This is reflected in the structure and function of thalamic local circuits, which are more complex in primates compared to rodents. To what extent the broad range of interneuron densities observed in mammalian species reflect the appearance of novel interneuron types or the elaboration of a plesiomorphic ontogenetic program, remains unclear.Here, we identify a larger than expected complexity and distribution of interneurons across the mouse thalamus, where all thalamic interneurons can be traced back to two developmental programs: one specified in the midbrain and the other in the forebrain. Interneurons migrate to functionally distinct thalamocortical nuclei depending on their origin the abundant, midbrain-derived class populates the first and higher order sensory thalamus while the rarer, forebrain-generated class is restricted to some higher order associative regions. We also observe that markers for the midbrain-born class are abundantly expressed throughout the thalamus of the New World monkey marmoset. These data therefore reveal that, despite the broad variability in interneuron density across mammalian species, the blueprint of the ontogenetic organization of thalamic interneurons of larger-brained mammals exists and can be studied in mice.

scholarly journals Dual midbrain and forebrain origins of thalamic inhibitory interneurons

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polona Jager ◽  
Gerald Moore ◽  
Padraic Calpin ◽  
Xhuljana Durmishi ◽  
Irene Salgarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Expected Complexity ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence

The ubiquitous presence of inhibitory interneurons in the thalamus of primates contrasts with the sparsity of interneurons reported in mice. Here, we identify a larger than expected complexity and distribution of interneurons across the mouse thalamus, where all thalamic interneurons can be traced back to two developmental programmes: one specified in the midbrain and the other in the forebrain. Interneurons migrate to functionally distinct thalamocortical nuclei depending on their origin: the abundant, midbrain-derived class populates the first and higher order sensory thalamus while the rarer, forebrain-generated class is restricted to some higher order associative regions. We also observe that markers for the midbrain-born class are abundantly expressed throughout the thalamus of the New World monkey marmoset. These data therefore reveal that, despite the broad variability in interneuron density across mammalian species, the blueprint of the ontogenetic organisation of thalamic interneurons of larger-brained mammals exists and can be studied in mice.

scholarly journals Two dynamically distinct circuits driving inhibition in sensory thalamus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa I. Martinez-Garcia ◽  
Bettina Voelcker ◽  
Julia B. Zaltsman ◽  
Saundra L. Patrick ◽  
Tanya R. Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Thalamic Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
And Function

AbstractMost sensory information destined for the neocortex is relayed through the thalamus, where considerable transformation occurs1,2. One powerful means of transformation involves interactions between excitatory thalamocortical neurons that carry data to cortex and inhibitory neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) that regulate flow of those data3-6. Despite enduring recognition of its importance7-9, understanding of TRN cell types, their organization, and their functional properties has lagged that of the thalamocortical systems they control.Here we address this, investigating somatosensory and visual circuits of the TRN. In the somatosensory TRN we observed two groups of genetically defined neurons that are topographically segregated, physiologically distinct, and connect reciprocally with independent thalamocortical nuclei via dynamically divergent synapses. Calbindin-expressing cells, located in the central core, connect with the ventral posterior nucleus (VP), the primary somatosensory thalamocortical relay. In contrast, somatostatin-expressing cells, residing along the surrounding edges of TRN, synapse with the posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POM), a higher-order structure that carries both top-down and bottom-up information10-12. The two TRN cell groups process their inputs in pathway-specific ways. Synapses from VP to central TRN cells transmit rapid excitatory currents that depress deeply during repetitive activity, driving phasic spike output. Synapses from POM to edge TRN cells evoke slower, less depressing excitatory currents that drive more persistent spiking. Differences in intrinsic physiology of TRN cell types, including state-dependent bursting, contribute to these output dynamics. Thus, processing specializations of two somatosensory TRN subcircuits appear to be tuned to the signals they carry—a primary central subcircuit to discrete sensory events, and a higher-order edge subcircuit to temporally distributed signals integrated from multiple sources. The structure and function of visual TRN subcircuits closely resemble those of the somatosensory TRN. These results provide fundamental insights about how subnetworks of TRN neurons may differentially process distinct classes of thalamic information.

scholarly journals SINE Insertions in Cladistic Analyses and the Phylogenetic Affiliations of Tarsius bancanus to Other Primates

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 777-784
Author(s):  
Jürgen Schmitz ◽  
Martina Ohme ◽  
Hans Zischler
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Old World ◽  
Alu Elements ◽  
Alu Sequences ◽  
Short Interspersed Elements ◽  
Divergence Point ◽  
Tarsius Bancanus ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
The Common

Abstract Transpositions of Alu sequences, representing the most abundant primate short interspersed elements (SINE), were evaluated as molecular cladistic markers to analyze the phylogenetic affiliations among the primate infraorders. Altogether 118 human loci, containing intronic Alu elements, were PCR analyzed for the presence of Alu sequences at orthologous sites in each of two strepsirhine, New World and Old World monkey species, Tarsius bancanus, and a nonprimate outgroup. Fourteen size-polymorphic amplification patterns exhibited longer fragments for the anthropoids (New World and Old World monkeys) and T. bancanus whereas shorter fragments were detected for the strepsirhines and the outgroup. From these, subsequent sequence analyses revealed three Alu transpositions, which can be regarded as shared derived molecular characters linking tarsiers and anthropoid primates. Concerning the other loci, scenarios are represented in which different SINE transpositions occurred independently in the same intron on the lineages leading both to the common ancestor of anthropoids and to T. bancanus, albeit at different nucleotide positions. Our results demonstrate the efficiency and possible pitfalls of SINE transpositions used as molecular cladistic markers in tracing back a divergence point in primate evolution over 40 million years old. The three Alu insertions characterized underpin the monophyly of haplorhine primates (Anthropoidea and Tarsioidea) from a novel perspective.

Sex Steroids and Human Behavior: Implications for Developmental Psychopathology

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerianne M. Alexander ◽  
Bradley S. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Atypical Development ◽  
And Function

AbstractIn a variety of mammalian species, prenatal androgens organize brain structures and functions that are later activated by steroid hormones in postnatal life. In humans, studies of individuals with typical and atypical development suggest that sex differences in reproductive and nonreproductive behavior derive in part from similar prenatal and postnatal steroid effects on brain development. This paper provides a summary of research investigating hormonal influences on human behavior and describes how sex differences in the prevalences and natural histories of developmental psychopathologies may be consistent with these steroid effects. An association between patterns of sexual differentiation and specific forms of psychopathology suggests novel avenues for assessing the effects of sex steroids on brain structure and function, which may in turn improve our understanding of typical and atypical development in women and men.

scholarly journals Network-based approaches to quantify multicellular development

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (135) ◽  
pp. 20170484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. B. Jackson ◽  
Salva Duran-Nebreda ◽  
George W. Bassel
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Cellular Interaction ◽  
Cellular Organization ◽  
Multicellular Development ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Multicellularity and cellular cooperation confer novel functions on organs following a structure–function relationship. How regulated cell migration, division and differentiation events generate cellular arrangements has been investigated, providing insight into the regulation of genetically encoded patterning processes. Much less is known about the higher-order properties of cellular organization within organs, and how their functional coordination through global spatial relations shape and constrain organ function. Key questions to be addressed include: why are cells organized in the way they are? What is the significance of the patterns of cellular organization selected for by evolution? What other configurations are possible? These may be addressed through a combination of global cellular interaction mapping and network science to uncover the relationship between organ structure and function. Using this approach, global cellular organization can be discretized and analysed, providing a quantitative framework to explore developmental processes. Each of the local and global properties of integrated multicellular systems can be analysed and compared across different tissues and models in discrete terms. Advances in high-resolution microscopy and image analysis continue to make cellular interaction mapping possible in an increasing variety of biological systems and tissues, broadening the further potential application of this approach. Understanding the higher-order properties of complex cellular assemblies provides the opportunity to explore the evolution and constraints of cell organization, establishing structure–function relationships that can guide future organ design.

scholarly journals Centromere Protein B Null Mice are Mitotically and Meiotically Normal but Have Lower Body and Testis Weights

1998 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien F. Hudson ◽  
Kerry J. Fowler ◽  
Elizabeth Earle ◽  
Richard Saffery ◽  
Paul Kalitsis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
And Function ◽  
Centromere Assembly ◽  
Mitosis And Meiosis

CENP-B is a constitutive centromere DNA-binding protein that is conserved in a number of mammalian species and in yeast. Despite this conservation, earlier cytological and indirect experimental studies have provided conflicting evidence concerning the role of this protein in mitosis. The requirement of this protein in meiosis has also not previously been described. To resolve these uncertainties, we used targeted disruption of the Cenpb gene in mouse to study the functional significance of this protein in mitosis and meiosis. Male and female Cenpb null mice have normal body weights at birth and at weaning, but these subsequently lag behind those of the heterozygous and wild-type animals. The weight and sperm content of the testes of Cenpb null mice are also significantly decreased. Otherwise, the animals appear developmentally and reproductively normal. Cytogenetic fluorescence-activated cell sorting and histological analyses of somatic and germline tissues revealed no abnormality. These results indicate that Cenpb is not essential for mitosis or meiosis, although the observed weight reduction raises the possibility that Cenpb deficiency may subtly affect some aspects of centromere assembly and function, and result in reduced rate of cell cycle progression, efficiency of microtubule capture, and/or chromosome movement. A model for a functional redundancy of this protein is presented.

Minimally invasive plate osteosythesis of fractures of the radius and ulna in a primate

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (05) ◽  
pp. 416-420
Author(s):  
K. Tong ◽  
L. P. Guiot
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Plate Osteosynthesis ◽  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis ◽  
Mandrillus Sphinx ◽  
Ulnar Fracture ◽  
Osteosynthesis Techniques

SummaryA 25-year-old female mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx - a primate and part of the Old World monkey group) was presented with a mildly comminuted, diaphyseal, radial fracture associated with a transverse ulnar fracture. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis techniques were used to achieve fixation of both the radial and the ulnar fractures. First, closed fracture reduction was achieved with a distraction frame consisting of a motorized circular external skeletal fixator. Next, dual percutaneous radio-ulnar plating was performed using a 2.7 limited-contact dynamic compression plate on the cranial aspect of the radius and two stacked 2.0/2.7 veterinary cut-to-length plates on the lateral aspect of the ulna. Uncomplicated recovery was observed with a complete return to normal activity three months postoperatively. Fracture healing was documented at four weeks, clinical union at 14 weeks, and callus remodelling at 24 weeks postoperatively. This report demonstrates the feasibility of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in a primate and shows the adaptability of this technique across mammalian species.

Regulation of sperm motility at the axonemal level

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Direct Action ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Radial Spokes ◽  
Dynein Arms ◽  
And Function

With very few exceptions, the basic structure of the 9+2 axoneme has been well preserved over a very long period of evolution from protozoa to mammais. This stability indicates that the basic structural components of the axoneme visible by electron microscopy, as well as most of the other unidentified components, have withstood the passage of time. It also means that components of the 9+2 axoneme have sufficient diversity in function to accommodate the various types of motility patterns encountered in different species of flagella. Several of the 200 polypeptides that constitute the axoneme have been identified as components of the dynein arms, radial spokes etc. but many more remain to be identified and their function(s) remain to be determined. Because this review deals with the regulation of flagellar movement at the axonemal level, it does not include regulation of flagella by extracellular factors unless these factors have a direct action on axonemal components. In this context, it is very important firstly to understand the structural components of the axoneme and how they influence and regulate axonemal movement. Different primitive organisms are mentioned in this review since major breakthroughs in our understanding of how an axoneme generates different types of movement have been made through their study. Despite some variations in structure and function of axonemal components, the basic mechanisms involved in the regulation of flagella from Chlamydomonas or sea urchin spermatozoa should also apply to the more evolved mammalian species, including human spermatozoa.

scholarly journals Herpesvirus Ateles Gene Product Tio Interacts with Nonreceptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 4631-4639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens-Christian Albrecht ◽  
Ute Friedrich ◽  
Christian Kardinal ◽  
Jadranka Koehn ◽  
Bernhard Fleckenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Viral Protein ◽  
New World ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Src Family Kinases ◽  
Protein Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Herpesvirus Saimiri ◽  
Protein Tyrosine

ABSTRACT Herpesvirus ateles is a gamma-2-herpesvirus which naturally infects spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) and causes malignant lymphoproliferative disorders in various other New World primates. The genomic sequence of herpesvirus ateles strain 73 revealed a close relationship to herpesvirus saimiri, with a high degree of variability within the left terminus of the coding region. A spliced mRNA transcribed from this region was detected in New World monkey T-cell lines transformed by herpesvirus ateles in vitro or derived from T cells of infected Saguinus oedipus. The encoded viral protein, termed Tio, shows restricted homology to the oncoprotein StpC and to the tyrosine kinase-interacting protein Tip, two gene products responsible for the T-cell-transforming and oncogenic phenotype of herpesvirus saimiri group C strains. Tio was detectable in lysates of the transformed T lymphocytes. Dimer formation was observed after expression of recombinant Tio. After cotransfection, Tio was phosphorylated in vivo by the protein tyrosine kinases Lck and Src and less efficiently by Fyn. Stable complexes of these Src family kinases with the viral protein were detected in lysates of the transfected cells. Binding analyses indicated a direct interaction of Tio with the SH3 domains of Lyn, Hck, Lck, Src, Fyn, and Yes. In addition, tyrosine-phosphorylated Tio bound to the SH2 domains of Lck, Src, or Fyn. Thus, herpesvirus ateles-encoded Tio may contribute to viral T-cell transformation by influencing the function of Src family kinases.

scholarly journals Pulmonary granuloma is not always the tuberculosis hallmark: pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in New and Old World Nonhuman Primates naturally infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asheley H. B. Pereira ◽  
Claudia A. A. Lopes ◽  
Thalita A. Pissinatti ◽  
Ana C. A. Pinto ◽  
Daniel R. A. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Old World ◽  
Pulmonary Granuloma

Abstract Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki (Chiropotes utahickae). In this study, 66.7% (6/9) of Old World Monkeys (OWM) and 83.3% (5/6) of New World Monkeys (NWM) showed pulmonary changes at the histological evaluation. The tuberculosis diagnosis in the nonhuman primates in this study was based on pathological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and bacteriological culture. Although the typical presentation was observed in some cases, the absence of pulmonary granuloma did not exclude the tuberculosis occurrence in nonhuman primates of the Old and New World. Tuberculosis should be included as a cause of interstitial pneumonia with foamy macrophages infiltration in the New World nonhuman primates. Due to the high sensitivity of immunohistochemistry with Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we suggest the addition of this technique as a diagnostic tool of tuberculosis in the nonhuman primates even when the typical changes are not seen.

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