scholarly journals Modification of oxygen consumption and blood flow in mouse somatosensory cortex by cell-type-specific neuronal activity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilda Dahlqvist ◽  
Kirsten Thomsen ◽  
Dmitry Postnov ◽  
Martin Lauritzen
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Somatosensory Stimulation ◽  
Neuronal Excitation ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Higher Cognitive Functions ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractGamma activity arises from the interplay between pyramidal neurons and fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV) interneurons, is an integral part of higher cognitive functions and is assumed to contribute importantly to brain metabolic responses. Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) responses were evoked by optogenetic stimulation of cortical PV interneurons and pyramidal neurons. We found that CMRO2 responses depended on neuronal activation, but not on the power of gamma activity induced by optogenetic stimulation. This implies that evoked gamma activity per se is not energy demanding. Optogenetic stimulation of PV interneurons during somatosensory stimulation reduced excitatory neuronal activity but did not potentiate O2 consumption as previously hypothesized. In conclusion, our data suggest that activity-driven CMRO2 responses depend on neuronal excitation rather than the cerebral rhythmic activity they induce. Excitation of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons requires energy, but inhibition of cortical excitatory neurons by interneurons does not potentiate activity-driven energy consumption.

scholarly journals Modification of oxygen consumption and blood flow in mouse somatosensory cortex by cell-type-specific neuronal activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 2010-2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilda K Dahlqvist ◽  
Kirsten J Thomsen ◽  
Dmitry D Postnov ◽  
Martin J Lauritzen
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Somatosensory Stimulation ◽  
Neuronal Excitation ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Higher Cognitive Functions ◽  
Stimulation Of

Gamma activity arising from the interplay between pyramidal neurons and fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV) interneurons is an integral part of higher cognitive functions and is assumed to contribute significantly to brain metabolic responses. Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) responses were evoked by optogenetic stimulation of cortical PV interneurons and pyramidal neurons. We found that CMRO2 responses depended on neuronal activation, but not on the power of gamma activity induced by optogenetic stimulation. This implies that evoked gamma activity per se is not energy demanding. Optogenetic stimulation of PV interneurons during somatosensory stimulation reduced excitatory neuronal activity but did not potentiate O2 consumption as previously hypothesized. In conclusion, our data suggest that activity-driven CMRO2 responses depend on neuronal excitation rather than the cerebral rhythmic activity they induce. Excitation of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons requires energy, but inhibition of cortical excitatory neurons by interneurons does not potentiate activity-driven energy consumption.

scholarly journals Optogenetic stimulation of infralimbic PFC reproduces ketamine’s rapid and sustained antidepressant actions

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (26) ◽  
pp. 8106-8111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Fuchikami ◽  
Alexandra Thomas ◽  
Rongjian Liu ◽  
Eric S. Wohleb ◽  
Benjamin B. Land ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Layer V ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Synaptic Responses

Ketamine produces rapid and sustained antidepressant actions in depressed patients, but the precise cellular mechanisms underlying these effects have not been identified. Here we determined if modulation of neuronal activity in the infralimbic prefrontal cortex (IL-PFC) underlies the antidepressant and anxiolytic actions of ketamine. We found that neuronal inactivation of the IL-PFC completely blocked the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of systemic ketamine in rodent models and that ketamine microinfusion into IL-PFC reproduced these behavioral actions of systemic ketamine. We also found that optogenetic stimulation of the IL-PFC produced rapid and long-lasting antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and that these effects are associated with increased number and function of spine synapses of layer V pyramidal neurons. The results demonstrate that ketamine infusions or optogenetic stimulation of IL-PFC are sufficient to produce long-lasting antidepressant behavioral and synaptic responses similar to the effects of systemic ketamine administration.

scholarly journals 0074 Inhibitory Neurons in the Dorsomedial Medulla Promote REM Sleep

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A30-A30
Author(s):  
J Stucynski ◽  
A Schott ◽  
J Baik ◽  
J Hong ◽  
F Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Introduction The neural circuits controlling rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and in particular the role of the medulla in regulating this brain state, remains an active area of study. Previous electrophysiological recordings in the dorsomedial medulla (DM) and electrical stimulation experiments suggested an important role of this area in the control of REM sleep. However the identity of the involved neurons and their precise role in REM sleep regulation are still unclear. Methods The properties of DM GAD2 neurons in mice were investigated through stereotaxic injection of CRE-dependent viruses in conjunction with implantation of electrodes for electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) recordings and optic fibers. Experiments included in vivo calcium imaging (fiber photometry) across sleep and wake states, optogenetic stimulation of cell bodies, chemogenetic excitation and suppression (DREADDs), and connectivity mapping using viral tracing and optogenetics. Results Imaging the calcium activity of DM GAD2 neurons in vivo indicates that these neurons are most active during REM sleep. Optogenetic stimulation of DM GAD2 neurons reliably triggered transitions into REM sleep from NREM sleep. Consistent with this, chemogenetic activation of DM GAD2 neurons increased the amount of REM sleep while inhibition suppressed its occurrence and enhanced NREM sleep. Anatomical tracing revealed that DM GAD2 neurons project to several areas involved in sleep / wake regulation including the wake-promoting locus coeruleus (LC) and the REM sleep-suppressing ventrolateral periaquaductal gray (vlPAG). Optogenetic activation of axonal projections from DM to LC, and DM to vlPAG was sufficient to induce REM sleep. Conclusion These experiments demonstrate that DM inhibitory neurons expressing GAD2 powerfully promote initiation of REM sleep in mice. These findings further characterize the dorsomedial medulla as a critical structure involved in REM sleep regulation and inform future investigations of the REM sleep circuitry. Support R01 HL149133

scholarly journals Gamma activity accelerates during prefrontal development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian H. Bitzenhofer ◽  
Jastyn A. Pöpplau ◽  
Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Gamma Frequency ◽  
Gamma Rhythms ◽  
Fast Oscillations

AbstractGamma oscillations are a prominent activity pattern in the cerebral cortex. While gamma rhythms have been extensively studied in the adult prefrontal cortex in the context of cognitive (dys)functions, little is known about their development. We addressed this issue by using extracellular recordings and optogenetic stimulations in mice across postnatal development. We show that fast rhythmic activity in the prefrontal cortex becomes prominent during the second postnatal week. While initially at about 15 Hz, fast oscillatory activity progressively accelerates with age and stabilizes within gamma frequency range (30-80 Hz) during the fourth postnatal week. Activation of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons drives fast oscillations throughout development, yet the acceleration of their frequency follows similar temporal dynamics as the maturation of fast-spiking interneurons. These findings uncover the development of prefrontal gamma activity and provide a framework to examine the origin of abnormal gamma activity in neurodevelopmental disorders.

scholarly journals Differential roles of pyramidal and fast-spiking, GABAergic neurons in the control of glioma cell proliferation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Tantillo ◽  
Eleonora Vannini ◽  
Chiara Cerri ◽  
Cristina Spalletti ◽  
Antonella Colistra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Glioma Cell ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Glioma Cell Proliferation ◽  
Fast Spiking ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated an active role for neurons in glioma progression. Specifically, peritumoral neurons establish functional excitatory synapses with glioma cells, and optogenetic stimulation of cortical pyramidal neurons drives tumor progression. However, the specific role of different subsets of cortical neurons, such as GABAergic interneurons, remains unexplored. Here, we directly compared the effects of optogenetic stimulation of pyramidal cells vs. fast-spiking, GABAergic neurons. In mice inoculated with GL261 cells into the motor cortex, we show that optogenetic stimulation of pyramidal neurons enhances glioma cell proliferation. In contrast, optogenetic stimulation of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-positive interneurons reduces proliferation as measured by BrdU incorporation and Ki67 immunolabelling. Since both principal cells and fast-spiking interneurons are directly activated by sensory afferent input, we next placed tumors in the occipital cortex to test the impact of visual stimulation/deprivation. We report that total lack of visual input via dark rearing enhances the density of proliferating glioma cells, while daily visual stimulation by gratings of different spatial frequencies and contrast reduces tumor growth. The effects of sensory input are region-specific, as visual deprivation has no significant effect on tumor proliferation in mice with gliomas in the motor cortex. We also report that sensory stimulation combined with temozolomide administration delays the loss of visual responses in peritumoral neurons. Altogether, these data demonstrate complex effects of different neuronal subtypes in the control of glioma proliferation.HighlightsActivity of GABAergic neurons reduces glioma cell proliferationLevels of sensory afferent input regulate tumor proliferationEffects of sensory input are region-specific

scholarly journals Gamma activity accelerates during prefrontal development

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian H Bitzenhofer ◽  
Jastyn A Pöpplau ◽  
Ileana Hanganu-Opatz
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Gamma Frequency ◽  
Gamma Rhythms ◽  
Fast Oscillations

Gamma oscillations are a prominent activity pattern in the cerebral cortex. While gamma rhythms have been extensively studied in the adult prefrontal cortex in the context of cognitive (dys)functions, little is known about their development. We addressed this issue by using extracellular recordings and optogenetic stimulations in mice across postnatal development. We show that fast rhythmic activity in the prefrontal cortex becomes prominent during the second postnatal week. While initially at about 15 Hz, fast oscillatory activity progressively accelerates with age and stabilizes within gamma frequency range (30–80 Hz) during the fourth postnatal week. Activation of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons drives fast oscillations throughout development, yet the acceleration of their frequency follows similar temporal dynamics as the maturation of fast-spiking interneurons. These findings uncover the development of prefrontal gamma activity and provide a framework to examine the origin of abnormal gamma activity in neurodevelopmental disorders.

scholarly journals Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity for vision restoration

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna Reutsky-Gefen ◽  
Lior Golan ◽  
Nairouz Farah ◽  
Adi Schejter ◽  
Limor Tsur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Vision Restoration ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Optogenetic Stimulation of GABA Neurons can Decrease Local Neuronal Activity While Increasing Cortical Blood Flow

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1579-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eitan Anenberg ◽  
Allen W Chan ◽  
Yicheng Xie ◽  
Jeffrey M LeDue ◽  
Timothy H Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Laser Speckle ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Hemodynamic Responses ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Evoked

We investigated the link between direct activation of inhibitory neurons, local neuronal activity, and hemodynamics. Direct optogenetic cortical stimulation in the sensorimotor cortex of transgenic mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 in GABAergic neurons (VGAT-ChR2) greatly attenuated spontaneous cortical spikes, but was sufficient to increase blood flow as measured with laser speckle contrast imaging. To determine whether the observed optogenetically evoked gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-neuron hemodynamic responses were dependent on ionotropic glutamatergic or GABAergic synaptic mechanisms, we paired optogenetic stimulation with application of antagonists to the cortex. Incubation of glutamatergic antagonists directly on the cortex (NBQX and MK-801) blocked cortical sensory evoked responses (as measured with electroencephalography and intrinsic optical signal imaging), but did not significantly attenuate optogenetically evoked hemodynamic responses. Significant light-evoked hemodynamic responses were still present after the addition of picrotoxin (GABA-A receptor antagonist) in the presence of the glutamatergic synaptic blockade. This activation of cortical inhibitory interneurons can mediate large changes in blood flow in a manner that is by and large not dependent on ionotropic glutamatergic or GABAergic synaptic transmission. This supports the hypothesis that activation of inhibitory neurons can increase local cerebral blood flow in a manner that is not entirely dependent on levels of net ongoing neuronal activity.

scholarly journals The effect of optogenetic activation of astrocytes on the hippocampal neurons activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 2086 (1) ◽  
pp. 012110
Author(s):  
E I Gerasimov ◽  
A I Erofeev ◽  
S A Pushkareva ◽  
A V Bol’shakova ◽  
A A Borodinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Cellular Activity ◽  
Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
The Past ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
The Future ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract The method of optogenetics has spread widely in neurobiology over the past 10 years and has found extensive application in various fields of this sciences. It allows to control and regulate cellular activity with high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, optogenetic activation was applied to astrocytes expressing ChR2. Optogenetic stimulation parameters were determined, in which the frequency of spontaneous currents of hippocampal pyramidal neurons significantly changed. In the future, it is planned to use the obtained data on the modes of optogenetic stimulation of astrocytes to normalize the functions of the hippocampus in mice-models of Alzheimer’s disease.

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