scholarly journals Hygiene Hampers Competitive Release of Resistant Bacteria in the Commensal Microbiota

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Aspenberg ◽  
Sara Maad Sasane ◽  
Fredrik Nilsson ◽  
Sam P. Brown ◽  
Kristofer Wollein Waldetoft
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Competitive Release ◽  
Antibiotic Selection Pressure ◽  
Metacommunity Dynamics

AbstractGood hygiene, in both health care and the community, is central to containing the rise of antibiotic resistance, as well as to infection control more generally. But despite the well-known importance, the ecological mechanisms by which hygiene affects resistance evolution remain obscure. Using metacommunity ecology theory, we here propose that hygiene attenuates the effect of antibiotic selection pressure. Specifically, we predict that hygiene limits the scope for antibiotics to induce competitive release of resistant bacteria within treated hosts, and that this is due to a modulating effect of hygiene on the distribution of resistant and sensitive strains in the host population. We show this in a mathematical model of bacterial metacommunity dynamics, and test the results against data on antibiotic resistance, antibiotic treatment, and the use of alcohol-based hand rub in long-term care facilities. Our results underscore the importance of hygiene, and point to a concrete way to weaken the link between antibiotic use and increasing resistance.

scholarly journals Antibody-mediated cross-linking of gut bacteria hinders the spread of antibiotic resistance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Bansept ◽  
Loïc Marrec ◽  
Bitbol Anne-Florence ◽  
Claude Loverdo
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mutation ◽  
Multiscale Model ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cost Of Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacterial Strain

AbstractThe body is home to a diverse microbiota, mainly in the gut. Resistant bacteria are selected for by antibiotic treatments, and once resistance becomes widespread in a population of hosts, antibiotics become useless. Here, we develop a multiscale model of the interaction between antibiotic use and resistance spread in a host population, focusing on an important aspect of within-host immunity. Antibodies secreted in the gut enchain bacteria upon division, yielding clonal clusters of bacteria. We demonstrate that immunity-driven bacteria clustering can hinder the spread of a novel resistant bacterial strain in a host population. We quantify this effect both in the case where resistance pre-exists and in the case where acquiring a new resistance mutation is necessary for the bacteria to spread. We further show that the reduction of spread by clustering can be countered when immune hosts are silent carriers, and are less likely to get treated, and/or have more contacts. We demonstrate the robustness of our findings to including stochastic within-host bacterial growth, a fitness cost of resistance, and its compensation. Our results highlight the importance of interactions between immunity and the spread of antibiotic resistance, and argue in the favor of vaccine-based strategies to combat antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic Use in Long-Term–Care Facilities: Many Unanswered Questions

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 680-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Quantitative Relation ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Care Facilities

AbstractThe extensive use of antibiotics in long-term–care facilities has led to increasing concern about the potential for the development of antibiotic resistance. Relatively little is known, however, about the quantitative relation between antibiotic use and resistance in this population. A better understanding of the underlying factors that account for variance in antibiotic use, unexplained by detected infections, is needed. To optimize antibiotic use, evidence-based standards for empirical antibiotic prescribing need to be developed. Limitations in current diagnostic testing for infection in residents of long-term–care facilities pose a substantial challenge to developing such standards.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Activities and the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance in Latin America: A Water Issue

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2693
Author(s):  
Delfina C. Domínguez ◽  
Luz María Chacón ◽  
D’Janique Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Water Ecosystems

Antibiotics revolutionized modern medicine and have been an excellent tool to fight infections. However, their overuse and misuse in different human activities such as health care, food production and agriculture has resulted in a global antimicrobial resistance crisis. Some regions such as Latin America present a more complex scenario because of the lack of resources, systematic studies and legislation to control the use of antimicrobials, thus increasing the spread of antibiotic resistance. This review aims to summarize the state of environmental antibiotic resistance in Latin America, focusing on water resources. Three databases were searched to identify publications on antimicrobial resistance and anthropogenic activities in relation to natural and artificial water ecosystems. We found that antibiotic resistant bacteria, mainly against beta lactam antibiotics, have been reported in several Latin American countries, and that resistant bacteria as well as resistant genes can be isolated from a wide variety of aquatic environments, including drinking, surface, irrigation, sea and wastewater. It is urgent to establish policies and regulations for antibiotic use to prevent the increase of multi-drug resistant microorganisms in the environment.

scholarly journals Hospital use of antibiotics as the main driver of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria – a reanalysis of recent data from the European Union

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias M. Fischer ◽  
Matthias Bild
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Hospital Sector ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Resistance Rates

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance in bacteria causes significant morbidity worldwide. The development and acquisition of resistance to antibiotics is believed to primarily develop under the selective pressure of widespread antibiotic use in humans, however antimicrobial usage in livestock has been proposed as additional, if not principal, driver of antibiotic resistance. In this work, we correlate recent data from the European Union on antibiotic resistance rates with data on antibiotic usage in the primary care and hospital sector and data on veterinary antimicrobial consumption across the individual member states. We quantify the strength of these different potential drivers of antimicrobial resistance in order to compare their biological importance. We found that the correlation between antibiotic use in the hospital sector and antibiotic resistance rates is significantly higher than the correlation between resistance rates and any of the other two predictors. This suggests increased antibiotic use in hospitals as the main driver of the development of antibiotic resistances and necessitates further research on and a re-evaluation of the risks associated with antibiotic use in human and veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance: Public Awareness Survey in the Republic of Cyprus

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Mikaela Michaelidou ◽  
Spyridon A. Karageorgos ◽  
Constantinos Tsioutis
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Local Evidence

We aimed to assess the knowledge and understanding of antibiotic use and resistance in the general population of Cyprus, in order to inform future antibiotic awareness campaigns with local evidence. Cross-sectional survey following the methodology of the “Antibiotic resistance: Multi-country public awareness survey” of the World Health Organization, during December 2019–January 2020. A total of 614 respondents participated: 64.3% were female and most were aged 35–44 years (33.2%) or 25–34 years (31.8%). One-third had used antibiotics >1 year ago and 91.6% reported receiving advice on appropriate use from a medical professional. Despite high awareness on correct use of antibiotics, lack of knowledge was noted for specific indications, where approximately one-third believed that viral infections respond to antibiotics and 70.7% lack understanding of how antibiotic resistance develops. Higher education graduates exhibited significantly higher knowledge rates. As high as 72.3% were informed about “antibiotic resistant bacteria” from healthcare professionals or social media. Most agreed on the usefulness of most suggested actions to address antibiotic resistance, with higher proportions acknowledging the role of prescribers. Up to 47% could not identify their role in decreasing antibiotic resistance. Our study provides local evidence to inform future efforts in a country characterized by high antibiotic consumption rates.

scholarly journals Knowledge, beliefs and practices on antibiotic use and resistance among a group of trainee nurses in Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathanki Jayaweerasingham ◽  
Sacheera Angulmaduwa ◽  
Veranja Liyanapathirana
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Student Nurses ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Objectives Nurses are the main communication link for healthcare messages to hospitalized patients and also play a crucial role in preventing the emergence and spread antibiotic resistant bacteria through antibiotic stewardship and infection control programmes. This requires them to possess correct knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use and resistance. This study was carried out to identify the level of knowledge, attitude and practices on antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance among student nurses. Results A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a pre-validated, self-administered questionnaire with closed and open ended questions, among 199 student nurses at a government nurses training school in Sri Lanka. Scores and proportions were analysed with non-parametric methods and thematic analysis was done for the qualitative data. The study cohort had a mean knowledge score of 71.9% (SD 14). However, close to 40% believed that taking antibiotics will help to prevent cold from worsening and make recovery faster. Infection control was identified as the main method that nurses can engage in preventing antibiotic resistance. While the knowledge among our study cohort appeared to be good, some misbeliefs were present. Our findings can be used in developing the nursing curricula on antibiotic use and resistance.

Prevalence of Field-Collected House Flies and Stable Flies With Bacteria Displaying Cefotaxime and Multidrug Resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T Pileggi ◽  
John R Chase ◽  
Runhang Shu ◽  
Lin Teng ◽  
Kwangcheol C Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
High Level

Abstract Antibiotic use in livestock accounts for 80% of total antibiotic use in the United States and has been described as the driver for resistance evolution and spread. As clinical infections with multidrug-resistant pathogens are rapidly rising, there remains a missing link between agricultural antibiotic use and its impact on human health. In this study, two species of filth flies from a livestock operation were collected over the course of 11 mo: house flies Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), representing a generalist feeder, and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), representing a specialist (blood) feeder. The prevalence of flies carrying cefotaxime-resistant (CTX-R) bacteria in whole bodies and dissected guts were assayed by culturing on antibiotic-selective media, with distinct colonies identified by Sanger sequencing. Of the 149 flies processed, including 81 house flies and 68 stable flies, 18 isolates of 12 unique bacterial species resistant to high-level cefotaxime were recovered. These isolates also showed resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. The CTX-R isolates were predominantly recovered from female flies, which bore at least two resistant bacterial species. The majority of resistant bacteria were isolated from the guts encompassing both enteric pathogens and commensals, sharing no overlap between the two fly species. Together, we conclude that house flies and stable flies in the field could harbor multidrug-resistant bacteria. The fly gut may serve as a reservoir for the acquisition and dissemination of resistance genes.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of treatment history on plasmid-mediated resistance evolution in human gut microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (46) ◽  
pp. 23106-23116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcu Tepekule ◽  
Pia Abel zur Wiesch ◽  
Roger D. Kouyos ◽  
Sebastian Bonhoeffer
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Treatment History ◽  
Resistant Infection ◽  
The Impact

To understand how antibiotic use affects the risk of a resistant infection, we present a computational model of the population dynamics of gut microbiota including antibiotic resistance-conferring plasmids. We then describe how this model is parameterized based on published microbiota data. Finally, we investigate how treatment history affects the prevalence of resistance among opportunistic enterobacterial pathogens. We simulate treatment histories and identify which properties of prior antibiotic exposure are most influential in determining the prevalence of resistance. We find that resistance prevalence can be predicted by 3 properties, namely the total days of drug exposure, the duration of the drug-free period after last treatment, and the center of mass of the treatment pattern. Overall this work provides a framework for capturing the role of the microbiome in the selection of antibiotic resistance and highlights the role of treatment history for the prevalence of resistance.

scholarly journals A Survey and Analysis of the American Public's Perceptions and Knowledge About Antibiotic Resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca R. Carter ◽  
Jiayang Sun ◽  
Robin L. P. Jump
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
The Body ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Bacterial Adaptation ◽  
Antibiotic Overuse

Abstract Background.  Little is known about the American public's perceptions or knowledge about antibiotic-resistant bacteria or antibiotic misuse. We hypothesized that although many people recognize antibiotic resistance as a problem, they may not understand the relationship between antibiotic consumption and selection of resistant bacteria. Methods.  We developed and tested a survey asking respondents about their perceptions and knowledge regarding appropriate antibiotic use. Respondents were recruited with the Amazon Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing platform. The survey, carefully designed to assess a crowd-sourced population, asked respondents to explain “antibiotic resistance” in their own words. Subsequent questions were multiple choice. Results.  Of 215 respondents, the vast majority agreed that inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to antibiotic resistance (92%), whereas a notable proportion (70%) responded neutrally or disagreed with the statement that antibiotic resistance is a problem. Over 40% of respondents indicated that antibiotics were the best choice to treat a fever or a runny nose and sore throat. Major themes from the free-text responses included that antibiotic resistance develops by bacteria, or by the infection, or the body (ie, an immune response). Minor themes included antibiotic overuse and antibiotic resistance caused by bacterial adaptation or an immune response. Conclusions.  Our findings indicate that the public is aware that antibiotic misuse contributes to antibiotic resistance, but many do not consider it to be an important problem. The free-text responses suggest specific educational targets, including the difference between an immune response and bacterial adaptation, to increase awareness and understanding of antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Considerations of Importance to Clinical Dermatologists

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
James Del Rosso DO
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Topical Antibiotic ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Formidable Challenge

Antibiotic resistance is a major health concern worldwide as the list of bacterial pathogens that are insensitive to available antibiotics continues to grow in both hospitals and outpatient communities. The slow development of newer antibiotics adds to the formidable challenge that clinicians face with treatment of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This article discusses important caveats related to antibiotic use in dermatology. These include understanding that both topical and oral antibiotics contribute to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria, that antibiotic monotherapy is to be avoided for treatment of acne vulgaris, that effective treatment of rosacea does not require the use of an antibiotic, that antibiotic therapy in the management of atopic dermatitis is best limited to treatment of an active clinical infection, and that routine post-operative use of a topical antibiotic is not suggested after most office-based dermatologic procedures. By following principles of antibiotic stewardship, dermatologists are major players in the battle against antibiotic resistance.

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