scholarly journals Aging-related hypometabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex mediates the relationship between age vs. executive function but not vs. memory in cognitively intact elders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
José V. Pardo ◽  
Shantal M. Nyabwari ◽  
Joel T. Lee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Control Region ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Cognitively Intact ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTElucidating the pathophysiology of cognitive decline during aging in those without overt neurodegeneration is a prerequisite to improved diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cognitive aging. We showed previously the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and adjacent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are centers for aging-related metabolic dysfunction that correlate with age-associated cognitive decline in healthy volunteers. Here, we examine using the extensive and well-characterized ADNI dataset the hypothesis that ACC metabolism in healthy seniors functions as a mediator in the relationship between age and executive function. In agreement with our previous findings, highly significant correlations arose between age and metabolism; metabolism and fluency; and age and fluency. These observations motivated a mediation model in which ACC metabolism mediates the relationship between age and fluency score. Significance of the indirect effect was examined by Sobel testing and bootstrapping. In these cognitively intact seniors with “typical aging,” there was neither a correlation between age and memory scores nor between ACC metabolism and memory scores. The metabolism in a control region, the primary motor cortex, showed no correlation with age or ACC metabolism. These findings motivate further research into aging-related ACC dysfunction to prevent, diagnose, and treat the decline in executive function associated with aging in the absence of known neurodegenerative diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe pathophysiology of aging-related cognitive decline remains unclear but the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a major component of the anterior human attention system, shows decreasing metabolism that correlates with declining executive function despite otherwise intact cognition. Here, the relationships between ACC metabolism, age, executive function, and memory were examined using the large, public, ADNI database. Earlier findings were confirmed. In addition, ACC metabolism was found a mediator between age and executive function. In contrast, no correlation arose between memory and age or between memory and ACC metabolism. No correlations surfaced when using the metabolism of the right primary motor cortex as a control region. Development of preventive medicine and novel treatments will require elucidation of aging-related ACC pathophysiology requiring further research.

scholarly journals Aging-Related Hypometabolism in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Cognitively Intact, Amyloid-Negative Seniors at Rest Mediates the Relationship between Age and Executive Function but Not Memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José V Pardo ◽  
Shantal M Nyabwari ◽  
Joel T Lee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Regional Specificity ◽  
Cognitively Intact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) shows the most aging-related brain metabolic dysfunction that correlates with decreasing executive processing in otherwise healthy, cognitively intact volunteers. Here, data from ADNI are used to elucidate potential pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cognitive aging, that is, age-related decline in cognitive performance in the absence of known neurodegenerative disease. Amyloid-negative volunteers showed statistically significant mediation of ACC metabolism in the relationship between age and verbal fluency. A nonlinguistic task of executive function, Trails B, showed also negative correlation between performance and age, albeit weaker, but was not significant in the mediation analysis. Recall of story items, minimizing attentional demands compared with learning of word lists, did not correlate with age. ADNI subjects selected for low vascular risks also showed correlation between age and declining ACC metabolism. In the whole-brain amyloid-negative subset, ACC amyloid was not correlated with age. As expected, the metabolism in an arbitrary region such as motor cortex that was not expected to decline with cognitive aging showed no correlation with age or ACC metabolism suggesting regional specificity. These findings motivate the search for the pathophysiology of aging-related ACC dysfunction to prevent, diagnose, and treat the decline in executive function associated with cognitive aging.

scholarly journals Income is associated with hippocampal/amygdala and education with cingulate cortex grey matter volume

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lotze ◽  
M. Domin ◽  
C. O. Schmidt ◽  
N. Hosten ◽  
H. J. Grabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Income and education are both elements of a person’s socioeconomic status, which is predictive of a broad range of life outcomes. The brain’s gray matter volume (GMV) is influenced by socioeconomic status and mediators related to an unhealthy life style. We here investigated two independent general population samples comprising 2838 participants (all investigated with the same MRI-scanner) with regard to the association of indicators of the socioeconomic status and gray matter volume. Voxel-based morphometry without prior hypotheses revealed that years of education were positively associated with GMV in the anterior cingulate cortex and net-equivalent income with gray matter volume in the hippocampus/amygdala region. Analyses of possible mediators (alcohol, cigarettes, body mass index (BMI), stress) revealed that the relationship between income and GMV in the hippocampus/amygdala region was partly mediated by self-reported stressors, and the association of years of education with GMV in the anterior cingulate cortex by BMI. These results corrected for whole brain effects (and therefore not restricted to certain brain areas) do now offer possibilities for more detailed hypotheses-driven approaches.

scholarly journals Cingulate-motor circuits update rule representations for sequential choice decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daigo Takeuchi ◽  
Dheeraj Roy ◽  
Shruti Muralidhar ◽  
Takashi Kawai ◽  
Chanel Lovett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Sequential Choice ◽  
Motor Circuits ◽  
Rule Changes ◽  
Adaptive Choice

Anterior cingulate cortex mediates the flexible updating of an animal's choice responses upon rule changes in the environment. However, how anterior cingulate cortex entrains motor cortex to reorganize rule representations and generate required motor outputs remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that chemogenetic silencing of the projection terminals of cingulate cortical neurons in secondary motor cortex disrupted sequential choice performance in trials immediately following rule switches, suggesting that these inputs are necessary to update rule representations for choice decisions stored in the motor cortex. Indeed, the silencing of cingulate cortex decreased rule selectivity of secondary motor cortical neurons. Furthermore, optogenetic silencing of cingulate cortical neurons that was temporally targeted to error trials immediately after rule switches exacerbated errors in following trials. These results suggest that cingulate cortex monitors behavioral errors and update rule representations in motor cortex, revealing a critical role for cingulate-motor circuits in adaptive choice behaviors.

Resting-state functional connectivity of the striatum predicts improvement in negative symptoms and general functioning in patients with first-episode psychosis: A 1-year naturalistic follow-up study

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghoon Oh ◽  
Minah Kim ◽  
Taekwan Kim ◽  
Tae Young Lee ◽  
Jun Soo Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
First Episode Psychosis ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Episode Psychosis

Objective: The persistent disease burden of psychotic disorders often comes from negative symptoms; however, prognostic biomarkers for negative symptoms have not been fully understood. This study investigated whether the altered functional connectivity of the striatum predicts improvement in negative symptoms and functioning after 1 year of usual treatment in patients with first-episode psychosis. Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic imaging was obtained from 40 first-episode psychosis patients and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. Whole-brain functional connectivity maps were generated with subdivisions of the striatum as seed regions and compared between first-episode psychosis patients and healthy controls. In 22 patients with first-episode psychosis, follow-up assessments of negative symptom severity and general functional status were conducted after 1 year of usual treatment. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine factors predictive of symptomatic or functional improvements over the 1-year period. Results: First-episode psychosis patients showed greater functional connectivity between the left dorsal caudate and left primary motor cortex, as well as between the left ventral rostral putamen and right temporal occipital fusiform cortex, than healthy controls. Lower functional connectivity between the right dorsal rostral putamen and anterior cingulate cortex was observed in the first-episode psychosis patients than in healthy controls. In multiple regression analyses, lower functional connectivity of the left dorsal caudate–left primary motor cortex/right dorsal rostral putamen–anterior cingulate cortex predicted improvement in negative symptoms. In addition, lower right dorsal rostral putamen–anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity predicted improvement in general functioning. Conclusion: These results suggest that altered striatal functional connectivity can be a potent neurobiological marker in the prognosis prediction of first-episode psychosis. Furthermore, altered striatal functional connectivity may provide a potential target in developing treatments for negative symptoms.

Altered effective connectivity from the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex to the laterobasal amygdala mediates the relationship between internet gaming disorder and loneliness

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Wang ◽  
Ningning Zeng ◽  
Hui Zheng ◽  
Xiaoxia Du ◽  
Marc N. Potenza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Internet Gaming Disorder ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Internet Gaming ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Individual with internet gaming disorder (IGD) often experience a high level of loneliness, and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that amygdala function is associated with both IGD and loneliness. However, the neurobiological basis underlying these relationships remains unclear. Methods In the current study, Granger causal analysis was performed to investigate amygdalar subdivision-based resting-state effective connectivity differences between 111 IGD subjects and 120 matched participants with recreational game use (RGUs). We further correlated neuroimaging findings with clinical measures. Mediation analysis was conducted to explore whether amygdalar subdivision-based effective connectivity mediated the relationship between IGD severity and loneliness. Results Compared with RGUs, IGD subjects showed inhibitory effective connections from the left pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) to the left laterobasal amygdala (LBA) and from the right medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the left LBA, as well as an excitatory effective connection from the left middle prefrontal gyrus (MFG) to the right superficial amygdala. Further analyses demonstrated that the left pACC-left LBA effective connection was negatively correlated with both Internet Addiction Test and UCLA Loneliness scores, and it mediated the relationship between the two. Conclusion IGD subjects and RGUs showed different connectivity patterns involving amygdalar subdivisions. These findings support a neurobiological mechanism for the relationship between IGD and loneliness, and suggest targets for therapeutic approaches that could be used to treat IGD.

The relationship between reaction time, error rate and anterior cingulate cortex activity

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Mulert ◽  
Jürgen Gallinat ◽  
Hans Dorn ◽  
Werner M. Herrmann ◽  
Georg Winterer
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Time Error ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity
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