scholarly journals Changes in lipid composition and ultrastructure associated with functional maturation of the cuticle during adult maize leaf development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bourgault ◽  
Susanne Matschi ◽  
Miguel Vasquez ◽  
Pengfei Qiao ◽  
Annika Sonntag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wax Esters ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Pavement Cell ◽  
Maize Leaf ◽  
Water Barrier ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Developmental Gradient ◽  
Epicuticular Layer ◽  
Cuticle Development ◽  
Chain Lengths

AbstractAlthough extensive prior work has characterized cuticle composition, function, ultrastructure and development in many plant species, much remains to be learned about how these features are interrelated. Moreover, very little is known about the adult maize leaf cuticle in spite of its significance for agronomically important traits in this major crop. We analyzed cuticle composition, ultrastructure, and permeability along the developmental gradient of partially expanded adult maize leaves to probe the relationships between these features. The water barrier property is acquired at the cessation of cell expansion. Wax types and chain lengths accumulate asynchronously along the developmental gradient, while overall wax load does not vary. Cutin begins to accumulate prior to establishment of the water barrier and continues thereafter. Ultrastructurally, pavement cell cuticles consist of an epicuticular layer, a thin cuticle proper that acquires an inner, osmiophilic layer during development, and no cuticular layer. Cuticular waxes of the adult maize leaf are dominated by alkanes and wax esters localized mainly in the epicuticular layer. Establishment of the water barrier coincides with a switch from alkanes to esters as the major wax type, and the emergence of an osmiophilic (likely cutin-rich) layer of the cuticle proper.Higlight statementChemical, ultrastructural and functional analysis of cuticle development in partially expanded adult maize leaves revealed important roles for wax esters and an osmiophilic, likely cutin-rich, layer in protection from dehydration.

scholarly journals Constructing functional cuticles: analysis of relationships between cuticle lipid composition, ultrastructure and water barrier function in developing adult maize leaves

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bourgault ◽  
Susanne Matschi ◽  
Miguel Vasquez ◽  
Pengfei Qiao ◽  
Annika Sonntag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Property ◽  
Alkyl Esters ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Pavement Cell ◽  
Maize Leaf ◽  
Water Barrier ◽  
Adult Leaf ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Developmental Gradient ◽  
Epicuticular Layer

Abstract Background and Aims Prior work has examined cuticle function, composition and ultrastructure in many plant species, but much remains to be learned about how these features are related. This study aims to elucidate relationships between these features via analysis of cuticle development in adult maize (Zea mays L.) leaves, while also providing the most comprehensive investigation to date of the composition and ultrastructure of adult leaf cuticles in this important crop plant. Methods We examined water permeability, wax and cutin composition via gas chromatography, and ultrastructure via transmission electron microscopy, along the developmental gradient of partially expanded adult maize leaves, and analysed the relationships between these features. Key Results The water barrier property of the adult maize leaf cuticle is acquired at the cessation of cell expansion. Wax types and chain lengths accumulate asynchronously over the course of development, while overall wax load does not vary. Cutin begins to accumulate prior to establishment of the water barrier and continues thereafter. Ultrastructurally, pavement cell cuticles consist of an epicuticular layer, and a thin cuticle proper that acquires an inner, osmiophilic layer during development. Conclusions Cuticular waxes of the adult maize leaf are dominated by alkanes and alkyl esters. Unexpectedly, these are localized mainly in the epicuticular layer. Establishment of the water barrier during development coincides with a switch from alkanes to esters as the major wax type, and the emergence of an osmiophilic (likely cutin-rich) layer of the cuticle proper. Thus, alkyl esters and the deposition of the cutin polyester are implicated as key components of the water barrier property of adult maize leaf cuticles.

scholarly journals Genetic resistance of Eucalyptus globulus to autumn gum moth defoliation and the role of cuticular waxes

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1961-1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
T H Jones ◽  
B M Potts ◽  
R E Vaillancourt ◽  
N W Davies
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Cuticular Waxes

This study investigated the association between resistance of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. to autumn gum moth (Mnesempala privata Guenée) defoliation and cuticular wax compounds. In a field trial consisting of clonally replicated F2 families of E. globulus, situated in Tasmania, Australia, significant genetic variation in resistance was detected in two of three F2 families. The broad-sense heritability for defoliation within families ranged from 0.24 to 0.33. The 15 most resistant and the 15 most susceptible genotypes within each variable family were compared for their relative levels of 26 cuticular wax compounds. While no significant correlation between resistance and total wax yield estimates was found, significant differences were detected between resistant and susceptible classes in the relative quantities of several aliphatic phenylethyl and benzyl wax esters within both families. This association does not appear to be a response induced by defoliation. The broad-sense heritabilities of the variation in these compounds were high (0.82–0.94). Our findings suggest that these wax compounds are a mechanism of genetic resistance to autumn gum moth in E. globulus.

scholarly journals The Main Disease and its Attacks in the Generative Phase of Maize (Zea Mays L) in the Freshwater Swamps of South Sumatra

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
Harman Hamidson ◽  
Riski Anwar Efendi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Maize Leaf ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Puccinia Polysora ◽  
Generative Phase ◽  
Orange Color

In South Sumatra, the ​​freshwater swamps is 157,846 hectares, with this wide freshwater swamps, it can be used for crops food  cultivation, one of which is maize. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the identification and attack of maize disease in freshwater swamps of South Sumatra. The research method was purposive sampling. The results of the study identification that the symptoms of maize leaf rust attack, seen from the physiology of maize leaves, were the lumps or pustules of orange color such as rust and the symptoms of maize leaf blight seen from the physiology of maize leaves, were small oval brownish lines like burning leaves. The leaf rust disease had an attack rate of 90% and the maize leaf blight reached 98%. Based on the results of this study, the main disease of maize attacking in the generative phase was the leaf rust (Puccinia polysora) and maize leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis).

scholarly journals Development and validation of a diagrammatic scale for quantifying maize leaf spots caused by Diplodia macrospora

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 2475
Author(s):  
Eloisa Lorenzetti ◽  
Juliano Tartaro ◽  
Alfredo José Alves Neto ◽  
Anderson Luis Heling ◽  
Jeferson Carlos Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Maize Leaf ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Severity Levels ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Diagrammatic Scale

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a diagrammatic scale to evaluate the severity of spots on maize leaves caused by the fungus Diplodia macrospora. Severity ranged between the minimal (0.5%) and maximal (55%) limits of disease severity, and intermediate severity levels were defined according to the "Weber-Fechner stimulus response law". The proposed scale describes six levels of severity based on how much of the leaf is affected: 0.5%, 3%, 8%, 23%, 36%, and 55%. Validation was carried out by eight evaluators, four inexperienced and four experienced. They estimated the severity of disease in 60 maize leaves, with and without the proposed diagrammatic scale. A relationship was shown by regression analysis between estimated and actual severity, with and without the use of the scale. When both inexperienced and experienced evaluators used the scale, they were able to estimate disease severity more accurately and precisely.

scholarly journals Network analyses implicate a role for PHYTOCHROME-mediated light signaling in the regulation of cuticle development in plant leaves

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Qiao ◽  
Richard Bourgault ◽  
Marc Mohammadi ◽  
Laurie G. Smith ◽  
Michael A. Gore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Light Signaling ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Adult Leaf ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
Cuticle Development

AbstractPlant cuticles are composed of wax and cutin, and evolved in the land plants as a hydrophobic boundary that reduces water loss from the plant epidermis. The expanding maize adult leaf displays a dynamic, proximodistal gradient of cuticle development, from the leaf base to the tip. Laser microdissection RNA Sequencing (LM-RNAseq) was performed along this proximodistal gradient, and complementary network analyses identified potential regulators of cuticle biosynthesis and deposition. Correlations between cuticle development and cell wall biosynthesis processes were identified, as well as evidence of roles for auxin and brassinosteroids. In addition, our network analyses suggested a previously undescribed function for PHYTOCHROME-mediated light signaling during cuticular wax deposition. Genetic analyses reveal that the phyB1 phyB2 double mutant of maize exhibits abnormal cuticle composition, supporting predictions of our coexpression analyses. Reverse genetic analyses also show that phy mutants of the moss Physcomitrella patens exhibit abnormal cuticle composition, suggesting a role for light-stimulated development of cuticular waxes during plant evolution.

scholarly journals Maize Leaf Disease Severity Analysis using Integrated Color Filtering and Threshold Masking

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5863-5871
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Color Image ◽  
Maize Plant ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Maize Leaf ◽  
Diseased Part ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Rgb Image

As the color is a dominant factor for isolation of the diseased part of corn maize, the detachment of disease affected parts in maize plant leaf is achieved using integrated Color Filtering followed by a threshold masking. The Particular HSV from a color image of maize plant is extracted .Major steps involved here is to initially convert an RGB image of disease affected maize plant to HSV and second is to apply a threshold mask to filter out the green color of healthy maize plant and detach the brown and yellow diseased area thereof. This method is applied and tested with around 30 maize leaves, and the results found that the proposed methodology performs well with overlapped healthy maize leaf compared to K-means Clustering algorithm. False Positive is produced in K-means method and this Proposed system as integrates with Color Filtering and thresholding works well with overlapped images so that it increases True negative as the Accuracy of the proposed method increases. This proposed methodology identifies well with perfect maize leaf images and misclassifications occur only with images with dark shadows, light illuminations and sanded background.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic network analyses shed light on the regulation of cuticle development in maize leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (22) ◽  
pp. 12464-12471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Qiao ◽  
Richard Bourgault ◽  
Marc Mohammadi ◽  
Susanne Matschi ◽  
Glenn Philippe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Adult Leaf ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Cuticle Development ◽  
Shed Light

Plant cuticles are composed of wax and cutin and evolved in the land plants as a hydrophobic boundary that reduces water loss from the plant epidermis. The expanding maize adult leaf displays a dynamic, proximodistal gradient of cuticle development, from the leaf base to the tip. Laser microdissection RNA Sequencing (LM-RNAseq) was performed along this proximodistal gradient, and complementary network analyses identified potential regulators of cuticle biosynthesis and deposition. A weighted gene coexpression network (WGCN) analysis suggested a previously undescribed function for PHYTOCHROME-mediated light signaling during the regulation of cuticular wax deposition. Genetic analyses reveal thatphyB1 phyB2double mutants of maize exhibit abnormal cuticle composition, supporting the predictions of our coexpression analysis. Reverse genetic analyses also show thatphymutants of the mossPhyscomitrella patensexhibit abnormal cuticle composition, suggesting an ancestral role for PHYTOCHROME-mediated, light-stimulated regulation of cuticle development during plant evolution.

Nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial transcript abundance along a maize leaf developmental gradient

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bruce Cahoon ◽  
Elizabeth M. Takacs ◽  
Richard M. Sharpe ◽  
David B. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Maize Leaf ◽  
Developmental Gradient ◽  
Mitochondrial Transcript

scholarly journals Using Azadirachtin to Transform Spodoptera frugiperda from Pest to Natural Enemy

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Sukun Lin ◽  
Shengnan Li ◽  
Zhenghui Liu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Control Technology ◽  
Preventive Control ◽  
Maize Leaf ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Combined Control ◽  
First Time

Spodoptera frugiperda and Rhopalosiphum maidis, as main pests, seriously harm the safety of maize. At present, chemical pesticides are mainly used to control these pests. However, due to residue and resistance problems, more green, environmentally benign, simple preventive control technology is needed. In this study, we reported the reason for the antifeedant activity of azadirachtin on S. frugiperda and proposed that S. frugiperda treated with azadirachtin would turn from pest into natural enemy. S. frugiperda showed an obvious antifeeding phenomenon to maize leaf treated with various azadirachtin concentrations (0.5~20 mg/L). It was found that maize leaf treated with 1 mg/L of azadirachtin has a stimulating effect on the antenna and sensillum basiconicum of S. frugiperda, and azadirachtin can affect the feeding behavior of S. frugiperda. Additionally, after treating maize leaves or maize leaves + R. maidis with 1 mg/L of azadirachtin, the predatory behavior of S. frugiperda changed from a preference for eating maize leaves to R. maidis. Moreover, the molting of R. maidis can promote the change of this predatory behavior. Our results, for the first time, propose that the combined control technology of azadirachtin insecticide and biological control could turn S. frugiperda from pest into natural enemy, which can effectively eliminate R. maidis and protect maize. This combined control technology provides a new way for pest management and has good ecological, environmental, and economic benefits.

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from Maize Leaves. Studies Using β-Methylated Phosphoenolpyruvate Analogues as Inhibitors and Substrates

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1004-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Gonzalez ◽  
Carlos S. Andreo
Keyword(s):  
Divalent Cation ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Inhibition Constant ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Maize Leaf ◽  
Rate Determining Step ◽  
Competitive Inhibitors ◽  
Maize Leaves

Abstract 1. The phosphoenolpyruvate analogues phosphoenol-α-ketobutyrate and phosphoenol-α-ketoisovalerate are linear competitive inhibitors of maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate. Phosphoenol-α-ketobutyrate is an excellent inhibitor (Ki: 18 μm in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2). The inhibition constant for phosphoenol-α-ketoisovalerate is 0.38 mᴍ under the same conditions. For both compounds, the inhibition is greater in the presence of Mn2+ than with Mg2+. 2. The analogues are dephosphorylated, but apparently not carboxylated, by the enzyme. For the reaction with phosphoenol-α-ketobutyrate, α-ketobutyrate and inorganic phosphate are the reaction products. Bicarbonate and a divalent cation are required for the dephosphorylation reaction. 3. The dephosphorylation reaction is activated by glucose-6-phosphate and the Vmax has the same pH dependence as that of the carboxylation of phosphoenol­ pyruvate. The Km for phosphoenol-α-ketobutyrate is reduced in the presence of 5 mᴍ MnCl2 (55 μᴍ versus 140 μᴍ with 5 mM MgCl2). The Vmax is essentially the same in the presence of either MgCl2 or MnCl2. These results suggest that the dephosphorylation of the analogues occurs by a mechanism which is similar to that of the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate, and that both reactions have a common rate-determining step.

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