scholarly journals Network analyses implicate a role for PHYTOCHROME-mediated light signaling in the regulation of cuticle development in plant leaves

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Qiao ◽  
Richard Bourgault ◽  
Marc Mohammadi ◽  
Laurie G. Smith ◽  
Michael A. Gore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Light Signaling ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Adult Leaf ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
Cuticle Development

AbstractPlant cuticles are composed of wax and cutin, and evolved in the land plants as a hydrophobic boundary that reduces water loss from the plant epidermis. The expanding maize adult leaf displays a dynamic, proximodistal gradient of cuticle development, from the leaf base to the tip. Laser microdissection RNA Sequencing (LM-RNAseq) was performed along this proximodistal gradient, and complementary network analyses identified potential regulators of cuticle biosynthesis and deposition. Correlations between cuticle development and cell wall biosynthesis processes were identified, as well as evidence of roles for auxin and brassinosteroids. In addition, our network analyses suggested a previously undescribed function for PHYTOCHROME-mediated light signaling during cuticular wax deposition. Genetic analyses reveal that the phyB1 phyB2 double mutant of maize exhibits abnormal cuticle composition, supporting predictions of our coexpression analyses. Reverse genetic analyses also show that phy mutants of the moss Physcomitrella patens exhibit abnormal cuticle composition, suggesting a role for light-stimulated development of cuticular waxes during plant evolution.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic network analyses shed light on the regulation of cuticle development in maize leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (22) ◽  
pp. 12464-12471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Qiao ◽  
Richard Bourgault ◽  
Marc Mohammadi ◽  
Susanne Matschi ◽  
Glenn Philippe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Adult Leaf ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Cuticle Development ◽  
Shed Light

Plant cuticles are composed of wax and cutin and evolved in the land plants as a hydrophobic boundary that reduces water loss from the plant epidermis. The expanding maize adult leaf displays a dynamic, proximodistal gradient of cuticle development, from the leaf base to the tip. Laser microdissection RNA Sequencing (LM-RNAseq) was performed along this proximodistal gradient, and complementary network analyses identified potential regulators of cuticle biosynthesis and deposition. A weighted gene coexpression network (WGCN) analysis suggested a previously undescribed function for PHYTOCHROME-mediated light signaling during the regulation of cuticular wax deposition. Genetic analyses reveal thatphyB1 phyB2double mutants of maize exhibit abnormal cuticle composition, supporting the predictions of our coexpression analysis. Reverse genetic analyses also show thatphymutants of the mossPhyscomitrella patensexhibit abnormal cuticle composition, suggesting an ancestral role for PHYTOCHROME-mediated, light-stimulated regulation of cuticle development during plant evolution.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Roles of Cuticular Wax in Plant Resistance to Shoot Dehydration and Low-Temperature Stress in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1554
Author(s):  
Tawhidur Rahman ◽  
Mingxuan Shao ◽  
Shankar Pahari ◽  
Prakash Venglat ◽  
Raju Soolanayakanahally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Dehydration Stress ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Cuticular waxes are a mixture of hydrophobic very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives accumulated in the plant cuticle. Most studies define the role of cuticular wax largely based on reducing nonstomatal water loss. The present study investigated the role of cuticular wax in reducing both low-temperature and dehydration stress in plants using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and transgenic genotypes altered in the formation of cuticular wax. cer3-6, a known Arabidopsis wax-deficient mutant (with distinct reduction in aldehydes, n-alkanes, secondary n-alcohols, and ketones compared to wild type (WT)), was most sensitive to water loss, while dewax, a known wax overproducer (greater alkanes and ketones compared to WT), was more resistant to dehydration compared to WT. Furthermore, cold-acclimated cer3-6 froze at warmer temperatures, while cold-acclimated dewax displayed freezing exotherms at colder temperatures compared to WT. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis identified a characteristic decrease in the accumulation of certain waxes (e.g., alkanes, alcohols) in Arabidopsis cuticles under cold acclimation, which was additionally reduced in cer3-6. Conversely, the dewax mutant showed a greater ability to accumulate waxes under cold acclimation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) also supported observations in cuticular wax deposition under cold acclimation. Our data indicate cuticular alkane waxes along with alcohols and fatty acids can facilitate avoidance of both ice formation and leaf water loss under dehydration stress and are promising genetic targets of interest.

scholarly journals Peculiar Evolutionary History of miR390-Guided TAS3-Like Genes in Land Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria S. Krasnikova ◽  
Denis V. Goryunov ◽  
Alexey V. Troitsky ◽  
Andrey G. Solovyev ◽  
Lydmila V. Ozerova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
History Of ◽  
Molecular Machinery ◽  
Specific Mrnas ◽  
Land Plant Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Profiling

PCR-based approach was used as a phylogenetic profiling tool to probe genomic DNA samples from representatives of evolutionary distant moss taxa, namely, classes Bryopsida, Tetraphidopsida, Polytrichopsida, Andreaeopsida, and Sphagnopsida. We found relatives of allPhyscomitrella patensmiR390 and TAS3-like loci in these plant taxa excluding Sphagnopsida. Importantly, cloning and sequencing ofMarchantia polymorphagenomic DNA showed miR390 and TAS3-like sequences which were also found among genomic reads ofM. polymorphaat NCBI database. Our data suggest that the ancient plant miR390-dependent TAS molecular machinery firstly evolved to target AP2-like mRNAs in Marchantiophyta and only then both ARF- and AP2-specific mRNAs in mosses. The presented analysis shows that moss TAS3 families may undergone losses of tasiAP2 sites during evolution toward ferns and seed plants. These data confirm that miR390-guided genes coding for ARF- and AP2-specific ta-siRNAs have been gradually changed during land plant evolution.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and Network Analyses of Heterostyly in Turnera subulata Provide Mechanistic Insights: Are S-Loci a Red-Light for Pistil Elongation?

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige M. Henning ◽  
Joel S. Shore ◽  
Andrew G. McCubbin
Keyword(s):  
Red Light ◽  
Genetic Networks ◽  
Light Signaling ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
S Locus ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
S Gene ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Pistil Length ◽  
S Genes

Heterostyly employs distinct hermaphroditic floral morphs to enforce outbreeding. Morphs differ structurally in stigma/anther positioning, promoting cross-pollination, and physiologically blocking self-fertilization. Heterostyly is controlled by a self-incompatibility (S)-locus of a small number of linked S-genes specific to short-styled morph genomes. Turnera possesses three S-genes, namely TsBAHD (controlling pistil characters), TsYUC6, and TsSPH1 (controlling stamen characters). Here, we compare pistil and stamen transcriptomes of floral morphs of T. subulata to investigate hypothesized S-gene function(s) and whether hormonal differences might contribute to physiological incompatibility. We then use network analyses to identify genetic networks underpinning heterostyly. We found a depletion of brassinosteroid-regulated genes in short styled (S)-morph pistils, consistent with hypothesized brassinosteroid-inactivating activity of TsBAHD. In S-morph anthers, auxin-regulated genes were enriched, consistent with hypothesized auxin biosynthesis activity of TsYUC6. Evidence was found for auxin elevation and brassinosteroid reduction in both pistils and stamens of S- relative to long styled (L)-morph flowers, consistent with reciprocal hormonal differences contributing to physiological incompatibility. Additional hormone pathways were also affected, however, suggesting S-gene activities intersect with a signaling hub. Interestingly, distinct S-genes controlling pistil length, from three species with independently evolved heterostyly, potentially intersect with phytochrome interacting factor (PIF) network hubs which mediate red/far-red light signaling. We propose that modification of the activities of PIF hubs by the S-locus could be a common theme in the evolution of heterostyly.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Roles of Cuticular Wax in Plant Resistance to Shoot Dehydration and Low-Temperature Stress in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawhidur Rahman ◽  
Mingxuan Shao ◽  
Shankar Pahari ◽  
Prakash Venglat ◽  
Raju Soolanayakanahally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Dehydration Stress ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Leaf Water Loss

Cuticular waxes are a mixture of hydrophobic very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives accumulated in the plant cuticle. Most studies define the role of cuticular wax largely based on reducing non-stomatal water loss. The present study investigated the role of cuticular wax in reducing both low-temperature and dehydration stress in plants using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and transgenic genotypes altered in the formation of cuticular wax. cer3-6, a known Arabidopsis wax-deficient mutant (with distinct reduction in aldehydes, n-alkanes, secondary n-alcohols, and ketones compared to wild type (WT)), was most sensitive to water loss; while dewax, a known wax overproducer (greater alkanes and ketones compared to WT), was more resistant to dehydration compared to WT. Furthermore, cold-acclimated cer3-6 froze at warmer temperatures, while cold-acclimated dewax displayed freezing exotherms at colder temperatures compared to WT. GC-MS analysis identified a characteristic decrease in the accumulation of certain waxes (e.g. alkanes, alcohols) in Arabidopsis cuticles under cold acclimation, which was additionally reduced in cer3-6. Conversely, the dewax mutant showed a greater ability to accumulate waxes under cold acclimation. FTIR spectroscopy also supported observations in cuticular wax deposition under cold acclimation. Our data indicate cuticular alkane waxes along with alcohols and fatty acids can facilitate avoidance of both ice formation and leaf water loss under dehydration stress, and are promising genetic targets of interest.

scholarly journals Molecular Diversity of miR390-Guided Transacting siRNA Precursor Genes in Lower Land Plants: Experimental Approach and Bioinformatics Analysis

Sequencing ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Krasnikova ◽  
I. A. Milyutina ◽  
V. K. Bobrova ◽  
A. V. Troitsky ◽  
A. G. Solovyev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Land Plant Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Profiling

Transacting siRNA loci (TAS3-like) of a particular plant species are usually represented by several gene families. PCR-based approach was used as a phylogenetic profiling tool to probe genomic DNA samples from representatives of evolutionary distant Bryophyta taxa, namely, class Bryopsida (subclasses Bryidae and Dicranidae) and class Sphagnopsida. We found relatives of all four Physcomitrella patens (subclass Funariidae) TAS3-like loci in subclasses Bryidae and Dicranidae. Only representatives of subclass Bryidae encoded TAS3-like genes belonging to P. patens TAS3a and TAS3d families. On the other hand, only the members of order Grimmiales (subclass Dicranidae) encoded gene relatives of P. patens TAS3c family. These data indicate that moss ta-siRNA families have been long conserved during land plant evolution. However, P. patens TAS3-like loci were detected neither in two Sphagnum species from the earliest diverged moss class Sphagnopsida, nor in the Selaginella kraussiana from the earliest extant tracheophyta lineage, Lycopodiopsida.

scholarly journals The activity of chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex influences the photosynthetic activity of the moss Physcomitrella patens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Storti ◽  
Maria Paola Puggioni ◽  
Anna Segalla ◽  
Tomas Morosinotto ◽  
Alessandro Alboresi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Strong Electron

ABSTRACTAlternative electron pathways contribute to the regulation of photosynthetic light reactions to meet metabolic demands in a dynamic environment. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of their activity is seminal to decipher their role in response to environmental cues and in plant adaptation. The chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex mediates cyclic electron transport pathway around photosystem I (PSI) in different organisms like cyanobacteria, algae and various plant species but has a discontinuous distribution in the green lineage. In order to assess how its activity and physiological role changed during plant evolution, we isolated Physcomitrella patens lines knocked out of the gene NDHM which encodes for a subunit fundamental for the stability and activity of the whole complex. P. patens ndhm KO mosses showed high PSI acceptor side limitation upon illumination leading to PSI photoinhibition. Flavodiiron proteins (FLV) have similar and particularly important role in preventing PSI overreduction when plants are exposed to light fluctuations. The flva ndhm double KO mosses alteration in photosynthetic parameters leaded to a defect in plant growth under fluctuating light as compared to WT and single KO mutants. Results evidenced that, while FLV sustain strong electron transport after an abrupt change in light intensity, NDH contribution to electron transport is small. NDH still participate in modulating PSI activity and it is seminal to prevent PSI photoinhibition especially when FLV are inactive. In plants the functional overlap between NDH- and FLV-dependent electron transport systems sustains PSI activity and to prevent its photoinhibition.

scholarly journals Conservation of endo-glucanase 16 (EG16) activity across highly divergent plant lineages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hila Behar ◽  
Kazune Tamura ◽  
Edward R. Wagner ◽  
Daniel Cosgrove ◽  
Harry Brumer
Keyword(s):  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
Genome Survey ◽  
Sister Clade ◽  
Dynamic Structures

Plant cell walls are highly dynamic structures that are composed predominately of polysaccharides. As such, endogenous carbohydrate active-enzymes (CAZymes) are central to the synthesis and subsequent modification of plant cells during morphogenesis. The endo-glucanase 16 (EG16) members constitute a distinct group of plant CAZymes, angiosperm orthologs of which were recently shown to have dual beta-glucan/xyloglucan hydrolase activity.  Molecular phylogeny indicates that EG16 members comprise a sister clade with a deep evolutionary relationship to the widely studied apoplastic xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases/hydrolases (XTH).  A cross-genome survey indicated that EG16 members occur as a single ortholog across species and are widespread in early-diverging plants, including the non-vascular bryophytes, for which functional data were previously lacking. Remarkably, enzymological characterization of an EG16 ortholog from the model moss Physcomitrella patens (PpEG16) revealed that EG16 activity and sequence/structure are highly conserved across 500 million years of plant evolution, vis-à-vis orthologs from grapevine and poplar.  Ex vivo biomechanical assays demonstrated that the application of EG16 gene products caused abrupt breakage of etiolated hypocotyls rather than slow extension, thereby indicating a mode-of-action distinct from endogenous expansins and microbial endo-glucanases.  The biochemical data presented here will inform future genomic, genetic, and physiological studies of these enzymes.

scholarly journals The carbon economics of vegetative phase change: why plants make juvenile and adult leaves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Lawrence ◽  
Clint Springer ◽  
Brent Helliker ◽  
Scott Poethig
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Economic Strategy ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Vegetative Phase Change ◽  
Adult Leaf ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Across plant species and biomes, a conserved set of leaf traits govern the economic strategy used to assimilate and invest carbon. As plants age, they face new challenges that may require shifts in this leaf economic strategy. In this study, we investigate the role of the developmental transition, vegetative phase change (VPC), in altering carbon economics as plants age. We used overexpression of miR156, the master regulator of VPC, to modulate the timing of VPC in Populus tremula x alba, Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays to understand the impact of this transition on leaf economic traits, including construction cost, payback time, and return on investment. Here we find that VPC regulates the shift from a low-cost, quick return juvenile strategy to a high-cost, high-return adult strategy. The juvenile strategy is advantageous in light-limited conditions, whereas the adult strategy provides greater returns in high-light. The transition between these strategies is correlated with the developmental decline in the level of miR156, suggesting that is regulated by the miR156/SPL pathway. Our results provide an eco-physiological explanation for the existence of juvenile and adult leaf types, and suggest that natural selection for these alternative economic strategies could be an important factor in plant evolution.

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