scholarly journals Decomposing variation in immune response in a wild rodent population

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klara M. Wanelik ◽  
Mike Begon ◽  
Elena Arriero ◽  
Janette E. Bradley ◽  
Ida M. Friberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Microtus Agrestis ◽  
Wild Rodent ◽  
Rodent Population ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
Underlying Processes

AbstractIndividuals vary in their immune response and, as a result, some are more susceptible to infectious disease than others. Little is known about which components of immune pathways are responsible for this variation, but understanding these underlying processes could allow us to predict the outcome of infection for an individual, and to manage their health more effectively. In this study, we describe transcriptome-wide variation in immune response (to a standardised challenge) in a wild population of field voles (Microtus agrestis). We find that this variation can be categorised into three main types. We also identify markers, across these three categories, which display particularly strong individual variation in response. This work shows how a simple standardised challenge performed on a natural population can reveal complex patterns of natural variation in immune response.

scholarly journals Thioester-Containing Protein-4 Regulates the Drosophila Immune Signaling and Function against the Pathogen Photorhabdus

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Upasana Shokal ◽  
Ioannis Eleftherianos
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Phenoloxidase Activity ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
And Function ◽  
Important Progress

Despite important progress in identifying the molecules that participate in the immune response of Drosophila melanogaster to microbial infections, the involvement of thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) in the antibacterial immunity of the fly is not fully clarified. Previous studies mostly focused on identifying the function of TEP2, TEP3 and TEP6 molecules in the D. melanogaster immune system. Here, we investigated the role of TEP4 in the regulation and function of D. melanogaster host defense against 2 virulent pathogens from the genus Photorhabdus, i.e. the insect pathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens and the emerging human pathogen P. asymbiotica. We demonstrate that Tep4 is strongly upregulated in adult flies following the injection of Photorhabdus bacteria. We also show that Tep4 loss-of-function mutants are resistant to P. luminescens but not to P. asymbiotica infection. In addition, we find that inactivation of Tep4 results in the upregulation of the Toll and Imd immune pathways, and the downregulation of the Jak/Stat and Jnk pathways upon Photorhabdus infection. We document that loss of Tep4 promotes melanization and phenoloxidase activity in the mutant flies infected with Photorhabdus. Together, these findings generate novel insights into the immune role of TEP4 as a regulator and effector of the D. melanogaster antibacterial immune response.

scholarly journals Expression of IL-1 Family Cytokines in Patients Before and After Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Amorim ◽  
Marton Kaique Andrade Cavalcante ◽  
Ailton Alvaro Silva ◽  
Vanessa Lucília Silveira Medeiros ◽  
Maria Edileuza Felinto Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Marked Inhibition ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
Th2 Responses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Response Profiles ◽  
Effector Immune Response

Abstract Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease that presents an immune response marked by the activation of lymphocytes and production of cytokines, including those of the IL-1 family, which act as an important trigger for the activation of an effector immune response. Despite this, inflammation exacerbation is sometimes also attributed to IL-1 cytokines, although some others down-regulate inflammation or produce Th2 responses, which need to be further clarified in the CL. Assessing the gene and protein expression of IL-1 cytokines associated with different immune response profiles in PBMCs from patients with active and healed lesions, this study demonstrated that stimulation by L. braziliensis positively regulates inflammatory and anti-inflammatory IL-1 cytokines, as IL-1α/β and IL-37, while there was a marked inhibition of IL-1Ra and IL-18 genes in patients treated with antimony, which perhaps contributes to the mechanisms of resistance that control Leishmania infection.

scholarly journals Molecular and Immunological Mechanisms of Miana Leaf (Coleus Scutellariodes [L] Benth) in Infectious Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1607-1618
Author(s):  
Theo Audi Yanto ◽  
Mochammad Hatta ◽  
Agussalim Bukhari ◽  
Rosdiana Natzir
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Immunological Mechanism ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
To Come ◽  
Antibiotic Efficacy ◽  
Anti Inflammation

Infectious disease is still a massive world burden of disease. It causes premature mortality and morbidity. Regardless of antibiotic therapy, the increased numbers of antibiotic resistance bring emerging problems in infectious disease. Several pathogens have unique roles to deactivate host immune response causing difficulty to treat the infection. Alack of antibiotic efficacy is crucial to modulate the immune response as a brilliant strategy to face infectious disease in years to come. Various herbal medicine has been known to have a pivotal role in enhancing immune response at the molecular level. Miana leaves extract (MLE) has a potential role in regulating the immune response to the infection. Besides its antimicrobial effect, MLE has other properties such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant. Several studies have revealedthe molecular mechanism of MLE in immune response, such as enhancing IL 37, IL 10, regulating TLR 4, and IFN-g. The objectives of this article are to review the molecular and immunological mechanism of Miana in treating various infective diseases comprehensively.

scholarly journals Developmental Dyslexia, Reading Acquisition, and Statistical Learning: A Sceptic’s Guide

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1143
Author(s):  
Xenia Schmalz ◽  
Barbara Treccani ◽  
Claudio Mulatti
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Causal Chain ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Learning Skills ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Theoretical Issues

Many theories have been put forward that propose that developmental dyslexia is caused by low-level neural, cognitive, or perceptual deficits. For example, statistical learning is a cognitive mechanism that allows the learner to detect a probabilistic pattern in a stream of stimuli and to generalise the knowledge of this pattern to similar stimuli. The link between statistical learning and reading ability is indirect, with intermediate skills, such as knowledge of frequently co-occurring letters, likely being causally dependent on statistical learning skills and, in turn, causing individual variation in reading ability. We discuss theoretical issues regarding what a link between statistical learning and reading ability actually means and review the evidence for such a deficit. We then describe and simulate the “noisy chain hypothesis”, where each intermediary link between a proposed cause and the end-state of reading ability reduces the correlation coefficient between the low-level deficit and the end-state outcome of reading. We draw the following conclusions: (1) Empirically, there is evidence for a correlation between statistical learning ability and reading ability, but there is no evidence to suggest that this relationship is causal, (2) theoretically, focussing on a complete causal chain between a distal cause and developmental dyslexia, rather than the two endpoints of the distal cause and reading ability only, is necessary for understanding the underlying processes, (3) statistically, the indirect nature of the link between statistical learning and reading ability means that the magnitude of the correlation is diluted by other influencing variables, yielding most studies to date underpowered, and (4) practically, it is unclear what can be gained from invoking the concept of statistical learning in teaching children to read.

Adaptive immunity

2010 ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Single Organism

Following the innate immune response, which acts very rapidly, the adaptive immune response plays a critical role in host defence against infectious disease. Unlike the innate response, which is triggered by pattern recognition of pathogens, i.e. features that are common to many bacteria or viruses, the adaptive response is triggered by structural features—known as antigens or epitopes—that are typically unique to a single organism....

scholarly journals Polymorphisms at the innate immune receptor TLR2 are associated with Borrelia infection in a wild rodent population

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1759) ◽  
pp. 20130364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Tschirren ◽  
Martin Andersson ◽  
Kristin Scherman ◽  
Helena Westerdahl ◽  
Peer R. E. Mittl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune ◽  
Wild Rodent ◽  
Immune Receptor ◽  
Innate Immune Receptor ◽  
Rodent Population

Immune response triggered by a novel molecular crosstalk of major hallmarks of cancer: Angiogenesis, mismatch repair, and immune pathways.

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 11054-11054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Graver ◽  
Stefan Stremitzer ◽  
Yu Sunakawa ◽  
Winfried Edelmann ◽  
Mark Kockx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mismatch Repair ◽  
Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
Molecular Crosstalk
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