scholarly journals Mapping numerical perception and operations in relation to functional and anatomical landmarks of human parietal cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Castaldi ◽  
Alexandre Vignaud ◽  
Evelyn Eger
Keyword(s):  
Middle Part ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Functional Equivalent ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Ventral Intraparietal Area ◽  
Numerosity Perception ◽  
7T Fmri ◽  
Numerical Operations

AbstractHuman functional imaging has identified the middle part of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) as an important brain substrate for different types of numerical tasks. This area is often equated with the macaque ventral intraparietal area (VIP) where neuronal selectivity for non-symbolic numbers is found. However, the low spatial resolution and whole-brain averaging analysis performed in most fMRI studies limit the extent to which an exact correspondence of activation in different numerical tasks with specific sub-regions of the IPS can be established. Here we disentangled the functional neuroanatomy of numerical perception and operations (comparison and calculation) by acquiring high-resolution 7T fMRI data in a group of human adults, and relating the activations in different numerical contrasts to anatomical and functional landmarks on the cortical surface. Our results reveal a functional heterogeneity within human intraparietal cortex where the visual field map representations in superior/medial parts of IPS and superior parietal gyrus are involved predominantly in numerosity perception, whereas numerical operations predominantly recruit lateral/inferior parts of IPS. Since calculation and comparison-related activity fell mainly outside the field map representations considered the functional equivalent of the monkey VIP/LIP complex, the areas most activated during such numerical operations in humans are likely different from VIP.

A new cestode, Neoskrjabinolepis gvosdevi (Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae) from the shrew Sorex tundrensis Merriam, 1900, in Kazakhstan

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
S.A. Kornienko ◽  
V.D. Gulyaev ◽  
N.T. Erzhanov
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Basal Part ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Different Types

A cestode, Neoskrjabinolepis (Neoskrjabinolepidoides) gvosdevi sp. nov., is described from the tundra shrew Sorex tundrensis Merriam, 1900 in Kazakhstan. The new species has ten rostellar hooks, 0.40-0.43 mm long, with claw-liked blade with crooked middle part. It can be distinguished from other species in the subgenus by the cylindrical cirrus short, 0.45-0.50 mm long, and armed with different types of spines; the basal part covered with numerous small, rosethornshaped spines, and the middle and distal parts armed with fine, needle-shaped spines.

History, Variations, and Extensions of the Retrosigmoid Approach: Anatomical and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaafar Basma ◽  
Christos Anagnostopoulos ◽  
Andrei Tudose ◽  
Mikhail Harty ◽  
L. Madison Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellopontine Angle ◽  
Jugular Foramen ◽  
Retrosigmoid Approach ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Posterior Fossa Surgery ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Microsurgical Techniques ◽  
Subarachnoid Spaces ◽  
Far Lateral ◽  
Suboccipital Approach

AbstractThe retrosigmoid approach is the workhorse for posterior fossa surgery. It gives a versatile corridor to tackle different types of lesions in and around the cerebellopontine angle. The term “extended” has been used interchangeably in the literature, sometimes creating confusion. Our aim was to present a thorough analysis of the approach, its history, and its potential extensions. Releasing cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid spaces and meticulous microsurgical techniques allowed for the emergence of the retrosigmoid approach as a unilateral variation of the traditional suboccipital approach. Anatomical landmarks are helpful in localizing the venous sinuses and planning the craniotomy, and Rhoton's rule of three is the key to unlock difficult neurovascular relationships. Extensions of the approach include, among others, the transmastoid, supracerebellar, far-lateral, jugular foramen, and perimeatal approaches. The retrosigmoid approach applies to a broad range of pathologies and, with its extensions, can provide adequate exposure, obviating the need for extensive and complicated approaches.

scholarly journals Target Registration Errors in Navigation-assisted Mandibular Surgery According to the Tracking Methods and the Type of Markers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Guen Kang ◽  
Sang-Hoon Kang ◽  
Young-Don Son ◽  
Hang-Keun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Tracking System ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Registration Errors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Noninvasive Marker ◽  
Noninvasive Markers ◽  
Maximum Increment ◽  
Mandibular Surgery

Abstract Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of navigation process according to the type of tracking methods and registration markers. The target registration errors (TREs) were measured at seven anatomical landmarks of the mandible for evaluation. Methods: Four different experiments were performed to obtain the TREs using two different tracking methods, the optical tracker (Polaris) and the electromagnetic (EM) tracker (Aurora), and two different types of registration markers, invasive and noninvasive markers. All comparisons of TREs were statistically analyzed using SPSS and Python-based statistical package (Pingouin). Results: The average TRE values obtained from the four different experiments were as follows: 1) 0.85 mm using invasive marker and Aurora, 2) 1.06 mm using invasive marker and Polaris, 3) 1.43 mm using noninvasive marker and Aurora, and 4) 1.57 mm using noninvasive marker and Polaris. All comparisons among the type of markers and the seven anatomical landmarks revealed statistically significant differences, except for the type of tracking system. Although the comparison between the modality of the tracking system showed no significant differences, the EM-based approach consistently demonstrated better performances than the optical type in all comparisons. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that, irrespective of the tracking modality, the invasive marker is a better choice in terms of accuracy. When using the noninvasive marker, it is important to consider the increased TREs. In the present study, the noninvasive marker caused a maximum increment of TREs of approximately 0.81 mm compared with the invasive marker. Furthermore, EM-based tracking using an invasive marker may result in the best accuracy for the mandible.

scholarly journals Application of ultrasound technique for cistern size measurement in dairy goats (short communication)

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wójtowski ◽  
P. Ślósarz ◽  
A. Junkuszew ◽  
M. Milerski ◽  
A. Szymanowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Ultrasound Technique ◽  
Emission Surface ◽  
Linear Probe ◽  
Ultrasound Measurements ◽  
Different Types

Abstract. The aim of the study was to compare ultrasound measurements of the gland cistern in goats obtained by various methods. The tests were conducted on goats of the Polish White Improved breed. Four ultrasound devices were used in the experiment, which were equipped with 4 different types of probes. The most similar measurements, rp from .729 to .927, were obtained with the use of a SonoVet2000 with a linear probe with the frequency of 5 MHz, applied to the middle part of the udder base, penetrating the opposite udder half and a Hitachi EUB 405+ with a 5.0 MHz convex probe applied to the middle part of the base of the diagnosed udder half, directing the emission surface of the probe towards the teat.

Social manipulation, turn-taking and cooperation in apes

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 151-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Rossano
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Communicative Signals ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract This paper outlines how the focus on how communicative signals might emerge and how the capacity to interpret them might develop, does not yet explain what type of motivation is required to actually deal with those signals. Without the consistent production of appropriate responses to the production of communicative signals, there would be no point in producing any signal. If language is a tool to accomplish things with others, we need to understand what would lead to cooperation. The first step consists in avoiding the blind belief that all cooperation requires some prosocial attitude. A great deal of cooperation can occur while each participant in the interaction is selfishly attempting to maximize their own benefits or minimizing damaging consequences. I describe how different types of turn-taking can be achieved via different levels of cognitive complexity and how interpretive turn-taking requires a great deal of cognitive abilities that great apes possess. Finally, I provide empirical evidence of social manipulation in non-human primates. Given our awareness of the occurrence of social manipulation during cooperation among human adults, it seems necessary to reconsider to what degree human communication and language evolution require unique prosocial motivations.

scholarly journals A Study on Gender Differences in Workplace Communication across Organizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kabita Kumari Dash ◽  
◽  
Susanta Kumar Dash ◽  
Swayamprabha Satpathy ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Workplace Communication ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Academic Factors ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
And Gender

Communication is an important aspect of human existence. It has a huge impact on the functioning of any organization. Organizations progress if there is close and greater coordination among both genders. The present study was conducted at Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha. Socio-academic data on 120 employees of three different types of organizations, viz. Government, NGO and Corporate, taken at random were included in the present study. This is an empirical study on gender differences and their effect on workplace communication in various organizations. The objectives of this study are to find out the gender differences in communication in different workplaces and analyze the effects of socio-academic factors like age, qualification and experience on gender-related communication. The study findings depict qualification and gender was found to be dependent across the organizations with ?2 estimate of 8.542. More employees were found to be engaged under moderate qualifications from both genders. The age and experience of employees were revealed to be independent of the gender of employees in the present study. The distribution of males recorded significant dependency of age and organization with ?2 value of 20.081 revealing a higher frequency of higher age group employees in government and non-government institutions in comparison to corporate. Both the new entrants and highly experienced females had lower communication abilities than their male counterparts. However, in the middle part of employment, the females showed an edge over males with regard to this variable. Females in the age group of 31 to 40 years recorded significantly better organizational communication than their male counterparts.

scholarly journals Effects of Different n6/n3 PUFAs Dietary Ratio on Cardiac Diabetic Neuropathy

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Urlić ◽  
Ivanka Urlić ◽  
Hrvoje Urlić ◽  
Tomislav Mašek ◽  
Benjamin Benzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Initial Phase ◽  
Myocardial Function ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Rat Myocardium ◽  
Cardiac Innervation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Detection And Quantification

We studied the influence of experimentally induced DM1, in combination with different dietary n6:n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on different types of nerve fibers in rat myocardium, in order to reveal whether protective/unfavorable effects of different PUFAs on myocardial function in diabetic patients could be a (partial) repercussion of their effect on the changes in cardiac innervation. The control group (c) and diabetic group (stz) were fed with an n6/n3 ratio of ≈7; the diet of the stz+n6 group had an n6/n3 ratio ≈60, while the diet for the stz+DHA group contained 2.5% of fish oil (containing 16% eicosapentaenoic acid—EPA and 19% docosahexaenoic acid—DHA), n6/n3 ratio of ≈1. DM1 was induced by i.p. injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and rats were euthanized 30 days after induction. Immunohistochemistry was used for the detection and quantification of different types of neuronal fibers in the cardiac septum. We found changes in cardiac innervations characteristics for the initial phase of experimental DM1, which manifested as an increase in total number and area density of all neuronal fibers, measured by Pgp9.5 immunoreactivity. By detailed analysis, we found that this increase consisted mostly of heavy myelinated NF200 immunoreactive fibers and TH immunoreactive sympathetic fibers, while the density of ChAT immunoreactive parasympathetic fibers decreased. In the deep (middle) part of the myocardium, where rare fibers (of all studied types) were found, significant differences were not found. Surprisingly, we found a more consistent protective effect of n6 PUFAs, in comparison to n3 PUFAs supplementation. These results may provide a better understanding of the potential impacts of different PUFA ratios in the diet of diabetic patients on cardiac innervation and genesis and outcome of diabetic autonomic cardiomyopathy.

scholarly journals Difference in S-Curve for Different Types of Construction Projects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehab Soliman ◽  
◽  
Khaled Alrasheed ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Project Duration ◽  
Cash Flow Management ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Different Types ◽  
S Curve ◽  
The State Of Kuwait

Project cash flow and contractor S-curve are tools that can be used to measure, control and anticipate project progress. Few studies dedicated to evaluate and judge the behaviour of the original S-curve. This study aims to evaluate the similarities and changes of construction projects S curves between different project types. More than 40 S-curves were collected from the state of Kuwait for different types of construction projects. The list of collected curves divided into six groups based on the type of client, no of buildings and number of floors. Statistical analysis used to compare the curves inside each group of projects. Statistical analysis using test of normality, T-paired test then Standard Euclidean Distance were applied to evaluate the similarity and changes between groups. This study revealed that there is a level of similarity of S-curves for high rise buildings and there is no similarity of S-curves for one or multi-building projects. The maximum gap between S-curves for one and high rise building laying in the middle part of project duration, while the maximum gap between S-curves for multi-building project laying in 70% to 80% of project duration. This study revealed that the variance of S-curve behaviour indicating there is no common attitude for all types of construction project types. This study can help construction stakeholders to anticipate their expected expenses and help in project cash flow management.

scholarly journals SISTEM BANGUNAN RUMAH TRADISIONAL DI KAMPUNG ADAT BADUY LUAR KADU KETUG, KABUPATEN LEBAK, BANTEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Andi Harapan
Keyword(s):  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Building Layout ◽  
The People ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Connection System ◽  
Village Communities

Traditional occupancy is something interesting to observe, especially when there are different types of dwellings in the residence, which illustrate the diversity of the culture and local knowledge of the people. Kadu Ketug Outer Baduy Traditional Village is a traditional village that has different residential patterns, where in this village, there are various types of traditional houses that show a wealth of traditions and carpentry technology, which are applied to the system of these houses. This mapping of traditional houses, as a form of intellectual property investment that is expressed in local knowledge, is very necessary to do with research and knowledge that can be applied to the development of technology in architectural technology. This paper will discuss the systems of traditional Baduy Kadu Ketug houses that were elaborated by descriptive analytical methods, from the results of field surveys and measurements in the field. The method of data collection was carried out by field surveys and interviews with traditional leaders and village communities, as well as recording through photographs and sketches of the buildings surveyed. The findings obtained indicate that the traditional house of the Outer Baduy Traditional Village of Kadu Ketug is an integral part of the Baduy Indigenous Village as a whole. This can be seen from the building layout, the building connection system, the use of materials, and the details of the building. The system of traditional houses in Kampung Luar Kadu Ketug implies a traditional Indonesian house hierarchy, which contains 3 parts, namely the lower part as the foot, the middle part as the body and the upper part as the head.

scholarly journals Segment-specific orientation of the dorsal and ventral roots for precise therapeutic targeting of human spinal cord

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Mendez ◽  
Riazul Islam ◽  
Timur Latypov ◽  
Prathima Basa ◽  
Ogeneitsega J. Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Vertebral Bone ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Roots ◽  
Ventral Roots

AbstractAn understanding of spinal cord functional neuroanatomy is essential for diagnosis and treatment of multiple disorders including, chronic pain, movement disorders, and spinal cord injury. Till now, no information is available on segment-specific spinal roots orientation in humans. In this study we collected neuroanatomical measurements of the dorsal and ventral roots from C2-L5, as well as spinal cord and vertebral bone measurements from adult cadavers. Spatial orientation of dorsal and ventral roots were measured and correlated to the anatomical landmarks of the spinal cord and vertebral column. The results show less variability in rostral root angles compared to the caudal angles across all segments. Dorsal and ventral rootlets were oriented mostly perpendicular to the spinal cord at the cervical level and demonstrate more parallel orientation at the thoracic and lumbar segments. The number of rootlets was the highest in dorsal cervical and lumbar segments. Spinal cord transverse diameter and size of the dorsal columns were largest at cervical and lumbar segments. The strongest correlation was found between the length of intervertebral foramen to rostral rootlet and vertebral bone length. These results could be used to locate spinal roots and spinal cord landmarks based on bone marks on CT or X-rays. These results also provide background for future correlations between anatomy of spinal cord and spinal column structures that could improve stereotactic surgical procedures and electrode positioning for spinal cord neuromodulation.One Sentence SummaryThis is the first detailed analysis of the segment-specific dorsal and ventral spinal roots spatial orientation measured and correlated to the anatomical landmarks of the spinal cord and vertebral column for human.

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