scholarly journals Time course of the physiological stress response to an acute stressor and its associations with the primacy and recency effect of the serial position curve

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Becker ◽  
Nicolas Rohleder
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Serial Position Curve ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Recency Effect ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory

AbstractWhether stress affects memory depends on which stress pathway becomes activated and which specific memory system is involved. The activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), leads to a release of catecholamines. The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leads to a release of glucocorticoids. In thus study, it was investigated whether SNS and/or HPA axis activation are associated with long-term memory (LTM) and/or working memory (WM) performance in humans. Thirty-three participants underwent the socially evaluated cold-pressor test. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) was used as a marker for the activation of the SNS and cortisol as marker for HPA axis activation. Memory was assessed by means of word lists with 15 words each. The primacy effect (i.e., the correctly recalled words from the beginning of the lists) of the serial position curve was considered as indicator for LTM. The recency effect (i.e., the correctly recalled words from the end of the lists) were used as estimator for WM performance. In sAA responders, the recency effect and, therefore, WM performance increased immediately after the stressor. This was not found in sAA non-responders. In cortisol responders, the primacy effect and, thus, LTM performance decreased 20 minutes after the stressor. No change in LTM performance was found in cortisol non-responders. Our study supports the assumptions that 1) SNS activation is associated with WM processes via stimulation of the prefrontal cortex, and 2) HPA axis activation is associated with LTM processes through interactions with the hippocampus.

Primacy and Recency Effects in Immediate Free Recall of Sequences of Spatial Positions

2007 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Bonanni ◽  
Patrizio Pasqualetti ◽  
Carlo Caltagirone ◽  
Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Serial Position ◽  
Serial Position Curve ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Recency Effect ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Task Requirement ◽  
Recall Paradigm

This study evaluated the serial position curve based on free recall of spatial position sequences. To evaluate the memory processes underlying spatial recall, some manipulations were introduced by varying the length of spatial sequences (Exp. 1) and modifying the presentation rate of individual positions (Exp. 2). A primacy effect emerged for all sequence lengths, while a recency effect was evident only in the longer sequences. Moreover, slowing the presentation rate increased the magnitude of the primacy effect and abolished the recency effect. The main novelty of the present results is represented by the finding that better recall of early items in a sequence of spatial positions does not depend on the task requirement of an ordered recall but it can also be observed in a free recall paradigm.

scholarly journals An initial exploration of in vivo hair cortisol responses to a brief pain stressor: latency, localization and independence effects

2009 ◽  
pp. 757-761
Author(s):  
CF Sharpley ◽  
KG Kauter ◽  
JR McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Single Observation ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Cortisol Responses

Cortisol is secreted by the central hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and affects many target organs and tissues, particularly in response to stressor demands and infection. Recent data reporting cortisol synthesis in hair follicles have shown the existence of a parallel “peripheral” HPA-axis. However, although there is evidence from in vitro studies and single-observation comparisons between groups that cortisol from hair follicles reflects endocrine changes associated with stressor demands, there are no reports to date of repeated measurements of in vivo cortisol responsivity in hair to transitory stressors. This issue was investigated with three males who underwent 1 min cold pressor test (CP). Cortisol response in hair to stressor demand appears to be (a) swift but transitory, (b) localized to the site of the demand and (c) independent of central HPA-axis activity.

Serial Position and Growth Curves in Demand Concept Recall

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-142
Author(s):  
Charles J. Gadway
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Serial Position ◽  
Serial Position Effect ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Recency Effect ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Complex Problem Solving

Since the serial-position effect has been demonstrated to diminish as learning progresses, it was hypothesized that only a weak recency serial-position effect would result from demand recall of concepts in a complex problem-solving situation. Six groups of 14 Ss solved 15 problems, 5 soluble by each of 3 concepts (rules), recalled from prior instruction. Each group received a different permutation of the 3 concepts. The serial-position effect appeared to be minimal for demand recall of concepts with the predicted weak recency effect (.01 < p < .05) but no primacy effect.

Rehearsal Strategies and the Serial-Position Curve in Immediate Free Recall of Ordered Items

1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Buschke ◽  
Walter Kintsch
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Serial Position ◽  
Serial Position Curve ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Recall Order ◽  
Rehearsal Strategies ◽  
Serial Position Curves

Immediate free recall of random strings of 10 numbers was studied under four experimental conditions: as each number was presented, subjects either had to recall the previous number (Recall n–1), recall the number just presented (Recall n), read the number (Read aloud), or were silent (Free Recall). Overall recall was the same in all conditions. Recall and order of recall by serial-position changed systematically, with an increasing recency and decreasing primacy effect from Free Recall through Read Aloud and Recall n to Recall n–1. These changes in recall order and serial-position curves suggest that differential rehearsal of items is decreased by requiring retrieval during presentation.

Effects of Rehearsal Instructions on the Primacy Effect in Free Recall

1991 ◽  
Vol 68 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1371-1377
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Titus
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Serial Position ◽  
Serial Position Curve ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Von Restorff Effect ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
Rehearsal Condition

The effects of rehearsal on the primacy effect in the serial position curve were investigated. Subjects were instructed to either rehearse or not rehearse previous list items presented at the rate of 1 word/0.5 sec., 1 word/sec., and 1 word/2 sec. The differential rehearsal hypothesis predicted that primacy effects would be observed only in the rehearsal condition. An alternative explanation of the primacy effect in terms of the 1933 von Restorff effect and rehearsal predicted a primacy effect in both the rehearsal and nonrehearsal conditions, with a larger primacy effect in the former. Primacy effects were observed in all conditions but were not significantly larger in the rehearsal condition. The results supported the explanation which included the von Restorff effect.

Pitfalls in the assessment of cardiovascular reflexes in patients with sympathetic failure but intact vagal control

1989 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. van Lieshout ◽  
W. Wieling ◽  
K. H. Wesseling ◽  
J. M. Karemaker
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Valsalva Manoeuvre ◽  
Cardiovascular Reflexes ◽  
Vagal Control

1. Two patients are described who presented with orthostatic hypotension as the main symptom. The diagnosis was sympathetic failure with intact vagal control. 2. Unusual test result's were obtained. Assessment of the integrity of the total baroreflex arc by the Valsalva manoeuvre measuring only heart rate changes proved impossible, since the magnitude and time course of the heart rate response were normal notwithstanding the presence of a blood pressure response typical of sympathetic failure. 3. Sustained handgrip, cold pressor test and mental stress test all could induce a rise in blood pressure, despite the presence of sympathetic vasomotor lesions, but only when accompanied by a rise in heart rate. Efferent parasympathetic blockade by atropine, resulting in an increase in heart rate, was also accompanied by a substantial rise in blood pressure. These findings seem to result from a heart rate rise dependent increase in cardiac output unopposed by reflex vasodilatation. 4. In these patients the only baroreflex way to control blood pressure is by varying heart rate. This condition can be evaluated only if blood pressure and heart rate are measured on a beat-by-beat basis.

scholarly journals Coronary blood flow responses to physiological stress in humans

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (3) ◽  
pp. H854-H861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsana Momen ◽  
Vernon Mascarenhas ◽  
Amir Gahremanpour ◽  
Zhaohui Gao ◽  
Raman Moradkhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Coronary Vasodilation ◽  
Coronary Vasoconstriction

Animal reports suggest that reflex activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves can evoke coronary vasoconstriction. Conversely, physiological stress may induce coronary vasodilation to meet an increased metabolic demand. Whether the sympathetic nervous system can modulate coronary vasomotor tone in response to stress in humans is unclear. Coronary blood velocity (CBV), an index of coronary blood flow, can be measured in humans by noninvasive duplex ultrasound. We studied 11 healthy volunteers and measured beat-by-beat changes in CBV, blood pressure, and heart rate during 1) static handgrip for 20 s at 10% and 70% of maximal voluntary contraction; 2) lower body negative pressure at −10 and −30 mmHg for 3 min each; 3) cold pressor test for 90 s; and 4) hypoxia (10% O2), hyperoxia (100% O2), and hypercapnia (5% CO2) for 5 min each. At the higher level of handgrip, mean blood pressure increased ( P < 0.001), whereas CBV did not change [ P = not significant (NS)]. In addition, during lower body negative pressure, CBV decreased ( P < 0.02; and P < 0.01, for −10 and −30 mmHg, respectively), whereas blood pressure did not change ( P = NS). The dissociation between the responses of CBV and blood pressure to handgrip and lower body negative pressure is consistent with coronary vasoconstriction. During hypoxia, CBV increased ( P < 0.02) and decreased during hyperoxia ( P < 0.01), although blood pressure did not change ( P = NS), suggesting coronary vasodilation during hypoxia and vasoconstriction during hyperoxia. In contrast, concordant increases in CBV and blood pressure were noted during the cold pressor test, and hypercapnia had no effects on either parameter. Thus the physiological stress known to be associated with sympathetic activation can produce coronary vasoconstriction in humans. Contrasting responses were noted during systemic hypoxia and hyperoxia where mechanisms independent of autonomic influences appear to dominate the vascular end-organ effects.

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