scholarly journals An initial exploration of in vivo hair cortisol responses to a brief pain stressor: latency, localization and independence effects

2009 ◽  
pp. 757-761
Author(s):  
CF Sharpley ◽  
KG Kauter ◽  
JR McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Single Observation ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Cortisol Responses

Cortisol is secreted by the central hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and affects many target organs and tissues, particularly in response to stressor demands and infection. Recent data reporting cortisol synthesis in hair follicles have shown the existence of a parallel “peripheral” HPA-axis. However, although there is evidence from in vitro studies and single-observation comparisons between groups that cortisol from hair follicles reflects endocrine changes associated with stressor demands, there are no reports to date of repeated measurements of in vivo cortisol responsivity in hair to transitory stressors. This issue was investigated with three males who underwent 1 min cold pressor test (CP). Cortisol response in hair to stressor demand appears to be (a) swift but transitory, (b) localized to the site of the demand and (c) independent of central HPA-axis activity.

68Ga-labeled HBED-CC Variant of uPAR Targeting Peptide AE105 Compared with 68Ga-NODAGA-AE105

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1289-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusum Vats ◽  
Rohit Sharma ◽  
Haladhar D. Sarma ◽  
Drishty Satpati ◽  
Ashutosh Dash
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Radiochemical Yield ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Peptide Conjugates ◽  
Biodistribution Studies ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
U87mg Tumor

Aims: The urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptors (uPAR) over-expressed on tumor cells and their invasive microenvironment are clinically significant molecular targets for cancer research. uPARexpressing cancerous lesions can be suitably identified and their progression can be monitored with radiolabeled uPAR targeted imaging probes. Hence this study aimed at preparing and evaluating two 68Ga-labeled AE105 peptide conjugates, 68Ga-NODAGA-AE105 and 68Ga-HBED-CC-AE105 as uPAR PET-probes. Method: The peptide conjugates, HBED-CC-AE105-NH2 and NODAGA-AE105-NH2 were manually synthesized by standard Fmoc solid phase strategy and subsequently radiolabeled with 68Ga eluted from a commercial 68Ge/68Ga generator. In vitro cell studies for the two radiotracers were performed with uPAR positive U87MG cells. Biodistribution studies were carried out in mouse xenografts with the subcutaneously induced U87MG tumor. Results: The two radiotracers, 68Ga-NODAGA-AE105 and 68Ga-HBED-CC-AE105 that were prepared in >95% radiochemical yield and >96% radiochemical purity, exhibited excellent in vitro stability. In vivo evaluation studies revealed higher uptake of 68Ga-HBED-CC-AE105 in U87MG tumor as compared to 68Ga-NODAGAAE105; however, increased lipophilicity of 68Ga-HBED-CC-AE105 resulted in slower clearance from blood and other non-target organs. The uPAR specificity of the two radiotracers was ascertained by significant (p<0.05) reduction in the tumor uptake with a co-injected blocking dose of unlabeled AE-105 peptide. Conclusion: Amongst the two radiotracers studied, the neutral 68Ga-NODAGA-AE105 with more hydrophilic chelator exhibited faster clearance from non-target organs. The conjugation of HBED-CC chelator (less hydrophilic) resulted in negatively charged 68Ga-HBED-CC-AE105 which was observed to have high retention in blood that decreased target to non-target ratios.

scholarly journals Techniques for the Assessment of In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Combinations

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Anne-Laure Bidaud ◽  
Patrick Schwarz ◽  
Guillaume Herbreteau ◽  
Eric Dannaoui
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Fungal Load ◽  
Time Kill

Systemic fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates despite adequate treatment. Moreover, acquired resistance to antifungals is increasing, which further complicates the therapeutic management. One strategy to overcome antifungal resistance is to use antifungal combinations. In vitro, several techniques are used to assess drug interactions, such as the broth microdilution checkerboard, agar-diffusion methods, and time-kill curves. Currently, the most widely used technique is the checkerboard method. The aim of all these techniques is to determine if the interaction between antifungal agents is synergistic, indifferent, or antagonistic. However, the interpretation of the results remains difficult. Several methods of analysis can be used, based on different theories. The most commonly used method is the calculation of the fractional inhibitory concentration index. Determination of the usefulness of combination treatments in patients needs well-conducted clinical trials, which are difficult. It is therefore important to study antifungal combinations in vivo, in experimental animal models of fungal infections. Although mammalian models have mostly been used, new alternative animal models in invertebrates look promising. To evaluate the antifungal efficacy, the most commonly used criteria are the mortality rate and the fungal load in the target organs.

scholarly journals Using the Microwell-mesh to culture microtissues in vitro and as a carrier to implant microtissues in vivo into mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa E. Monterosso ◽  
Kathryn Futrega ◽  
William B. Lott ◽  
Ian Vela ◽  
Elizabeth D. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Nsg Mice ◽  
Animal Imaging ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Bioluminescence Signal ◽  
Serial Transplantation ◽  
Live Animal Imaging

AbstractProstate cancer (PCa) patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are commonly propagated by serial transplantation of “pieces” of tumour in mice, but the cellular composition of pieces is not standardised. Herein, we optimised a microwell platform, the Microwell-mesh, to aggregate precise numbers of cells into arrays of microtissues, and then implanted the Microwell-mesh into NOD-scid IL2γ−/− (NSG) mice to study microtissue growth. First, mesh pore size was optimised using microtissues assembled from bone marrow-derived stromal cells, with mesh opening dimensions of 100×100 μm achieving superior microtissue vascularisation relative to mesh with 36×36 μm mesh openings. The optimised Microwell-mesh was used to assemble and implant PCa cell microtissue arrays (hereafter microtissues formed from cancer cells are referred to as microtumours) into mice. PCa cells were enriched from three different PDX lines, LuCaP35, LuCaP141, and BM18. 3D microtumours showed greater in vitro viability than 2D cultures, but neither proliferated. Microtumours were successfully established in mice 81% (57 of 70), 67% (4 of 6), 76% (19 of 25) for LuCaP35, LuCaP141, and BM18 PCa cells, respectively. Microtumour growth was tracked using live animal imaging for size or bioluminescence signal. If augmented with further imaging advances and cell bar coding, this microtumour model could enable greater resolution of PCa PDX drug response, and lead to the more efficient use of animals. The concept of microtissue assembly in the Microwell-mesh, and implantation in vivo may also have utility in implantation of islets, hair follicles or other organ-specific cells that self-assemble into 3D structures, providing an important bridge between in vitro assembly of mini-organs and in vivo implantation.

Interleukin 1 protects hair follicles from cytarabine (ARA‐C)‐induced toxicity in vivo and in vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 911-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin J. Jimenez ◽  
Marty E. Sawaya ◽  
Adel A. Yunis
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Hair Follicles

scholarly journals Novel scaffold based graphene oxide doped electrospun iota carrageenan/polyvinyl alcohol for wound healing and pathogen reduction: in-vitro and in-vivo study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa H. Gouda ◽  
Safaa M. Ali ◽  
Sarah Samir Othman ◽  
Samia A. Abd Al-Aziz ◽  
Marwa M. Abu-Serie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Nanofiber Scaffold ◽  
Novel Scaffold

AbstractWound healing is a complicated multicellular process that involves several kinds of cells including macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes and platelets that are leading to their differentiation towards an anti-inflammatory response for producing several chemokines, cytokine and growth factors. In this study, electrospun nanofiber scaffold named (MNS) is composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/iota carrageenan (IC) and doped with partially reduced graphene oxide (prGO) that is successfully synthesized for wound healing and skin repair. The fabricated MNS was tested in case of infection and un-infection with E. coli and Staphylococcus and in both of the presence and in the absence of yeast as a natural nutritional supplement. Numerous biochemical parameters including total protein, albumin, urea and LDH, and hematological parameters were evaluated. Results revealed that the MNS was proved to be effective on most of the measured parameters and had exhibited efficient antibacterial inhibition activity. Whereas it can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent in wound healing, however, histopathological findings confirmed that the MNS caused re-epithelialization and the presence of yeast induced hair follicles growth and subsequently it may be used to hide formed head wound scar.

scholarly journals Ficus benghalensis as Potential Inhibitor of 5α-Reductase for Hair Growth Promotion: In Vitro, In Silico, and In Vivo Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawaria Iltaf ◽  
Sobia Noreen ◽  
Muhammad Fayyaz ur Rehman ◽  
Shazia Akram Ghumman ◽  
Fozia Batool ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Rp Hplc

The screening of hair follicles, dermal papilla cells, and keratinocytes through in vitro, in vivo, and histology has previously been reported to combat alopecia. Ficus benghalensis has been used conventionally to cure skin and hair disorders, although its effect on 5α-reductase II is still unknown. Currently, we aim to analyze the phytotherapeutic impact of F. benghalensis leaf extracts (FBLEs) for promoting hair growth in rabbits along with in vitro inhibition of the steroid isozyme 5α-reductase II. The inhibition of 5α-reductase II by FBLEs was assessed by RP-HPLC, using the NADPH cofactor as the reaction initiator and Minoxin (5%) as a positive control. In silico studies were performed using AutoDock Vina to visualize the interaction between 5α-reductase II and the reported phytoconstituents present in FBLEs. Hair growth in female albino rabbits was investigated by applying an oral dose of the FBLE formulation and control drug to the skin once a day. The skin tissues were examined by histology to see hair follicles. Further, FAAS, FTIR, and antioxidants were performed to check the trace elements and secondary metabolites in the FBLEs. The results of RP-HPLC and the binding energies showed that FBLEs reduced the catalytic activity of 5α-reductase II and improved cell proliferation in rabbits. The statistical analysis (p &lt; 0.05 or 0.01) and percentage inhibition (&gt;70%) suggested that hydroalcoholic FBLE has more potential in increasing hair growth by elongating hair follicle’s anagen phase. FAAS, FTIR, and antioxidant experiments revealed sufficient concentrations of Zn, Cu, K, and Fe, together with the presence of polyphenols and scavenging activity in FBLE. Overall, we found that FBLEs are potent in stimulating hair follicle maturation by reducing the 5α-reductase II action, so they may serve as a principal choice in de novo drug designing to treat hair loss.

HERBAL CREAMS OF REISHI EXTRACT AND TEA TREE OIL FOR HIRSUTISM–AN IN VIVO STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
SANGEETA CHOUDHURY ◽  
BLR MADHAVI
Keyword(s):  
Topical Application ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tea Tree Oil ◽  
Tea Tree

Objective: The aim of this work to formulate, evaluate and compare the effectiveness of herbal creams containing extract of reishi and tea tree oil for treating hirsutism. Methods: Herbal ingredients were authenticated. Cream base was initially formulated. Three formulations of herbal cream were prepared. Reishi ethanolic extract, tea tree oil, and combination of tea tree oil and reishi extract were added to the cream base and formulated cream were named as RHC, THC and RTC respectively. In vitro evaluations on herbal creams were done for the physicochemical characteristics. In vivo studies were carried out on female Swiss Albino mice for the activity against hair growth by topical application of cream to shaved skin. The histological and morphometric evaluation was carried out. Skin irritancy study was conducted. Results: The herbal creams showed desirable physicochemical properties like pH, viscosity and spreadability. Statistical analysis for the length of hair was performed by using one way ANOVA followed by DUNNET’S post hoc test where THC and RTC were found to be significant whereas RHC showed no significant reduction of hair growth compared to control. RTC showed a significant effect at p<0.05 and hair growth reduction was significant for THC at p<0.001 compared to the control group. RTC and THC showed mild to moderate reduction in the size of the hair follicles with a reduction of sebaceous gland size in the histological analysis. Conclusion: Topical application of herbal creams to mice showed that hair growth was fastest in group RHC and was slowest in group THC and intermediate with RTC. It can be concluded that these herbal actives can be used as an effective treatment against hirsutism. Within the study period, tea tree oil was found to be more effective than reishi extract and the combination product. Further formulation studies and in vivo studies need to be carried out on reishi to assess its effectiveness against hirsutism.

A multipurpose instrument for quantitative intravital microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 296-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Toth ◽  
M. E. Tischler ◽  
M. Pal ◽  
A. Koller ◽  
P. C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Parenchymal Cell ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Open Architecture ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Tissue Area ◽  
Microcirculatory Function

An in vivo microscope system has been developed that can measure fluorescence emission and/or light absorption at up to five wavelengths in a tissue area of 18–30 microns diam while imaging adjacent microcirculatory vessels with a video system. The system also incorporates a computer-controlled stage and data acquisition system for rapid and repeated measurements from a number of tissue sites. The tissue area monitored for fluorescence or absorption can be defined further by a confocal arrangement of the microscope optics. Tests of the system for NADH fluorescence measurements show good agreement between the fluorescence at 450 nm and NADH concentration in vitro and in skeletal muscle. The instrument can also be used simultaneously for spectrophotometric determination of O2 saturation and hematocrit in microcirculatory vessels. In vitro tests indicate suitable accuracy for such measurements. The open architecture and modular arrangement of the instrument facilitates its use for a variety of simultaneous measurements of parenchymal cell and microcirculatory function.

scholarly journals Skin Barriers in Dermal Drug Delivery: Which Barriers Have to Be Overcome and How Can We Measure Them?

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Gorzelanny ◽  
Christian Mess ◽  
Stefan W. Schneider ◽  
Volker Huck ◽  
Johanna M. Brandner
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Multiphoton Microscopy ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Hair Follicles

Although, drugs are required in the various skin compartments such as viable epidermis, dermis, or hair follicles, to efficiently treat skin diseases, drug delivery into and across the skin is still challenging. An improved understanding of skin barrier physiology is mandatory to optimize drug penetration and permeation. The various barriers of the skin have to be known in detail, which means methods are needed to measure their functionality and outside-in or inside-out passage of molecules through the various barriers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about mechanical barriers, i.e., stratum corneum and tight junctions, in interfollicular epidermis, hair follicles and glands. Furthermore, we discuss the barrier properties of the basement membrane and dermal blood vessels. Barrier alterations found in skin of patients with atopic dermatitis are described. Finally, we critically compare the up-to-date applicability of several physical, biochemical and microscopic methods such as transepidermal water loss, impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, immunohistochemical stainings, optical coherence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy to distinctly address the different barriers and to measure permeation through these barriers in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals Sublingual Reactivity to rBET V1 and rPHL P1 in Patients with Oral Allergy Syndrome

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 205873920601900 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Marcucci ◽  
L. Sensi ◽  
G. DI Cara ◽  
G. Gidaro ◽  
C. Incorvaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Ige ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Oral Allergy Syndrome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Recombinant Allergens ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
High Concentrations

Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS) in patients with pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis is caused by specific IgE recognizing cross-reacting epitopes of fruits and plants, which were clearly shown in vitro, but failed to be demonstrated in vivo by cross-challenges in the target organs. Considering the hypothesis of degradation of such epitopes in natural extracts, challenges with recombinant pollen allergens were done to evaluate the reactivity of the oral mucosa in OAS patients. Seventeen patients with OAS and rhinitis from birch (10) and grass pollen (7) and 10 non-atopic controls were studied by skin prick tests (SPT), allergen specific nasal challenges (ASNC) and allergen specific sublingual challenges (ASSC) with birch and timothy extracts and with rBet v1 and rPhl p1 at increasing concentrations from 1 to 1000 mcg/ml. None of the healthy subjects in the control group had any positive test for birch and timothy extracts or for recombinant allergens. In the OAS group the following results were observed: SPTs with recombinant allergens were positive in all patients, mostly at 10 mcg/ml concentration; ASNC with rBet v1 were positive in all patients, mostly at 100 mcg/ml; ASSC with natural pollen extracts were positive in only 2 of 17 patients, but in 15 of 17 with rBet v1 and rPhl p1, mostly at 500 mcg/ml and 1000 mcg/ml. ASSC with rBet v1 and rPhl p1 were positive with a mean concentration of 677 and 533 mcg/ml, respectively. The results of sublingual challenges with rBet v1 and rPhl p1 showed the in vivo cross-reactivity between pollens and foods in patients with OAS, but high concentrations of the recombinant allergens were needed to reproduce oral symptoms, thus explaining the failure of challenges performed with natural extracts, which have concentrations of major allergens lower than 50 mcg/ml. This indicates that sublingual mucosa is much less reactive to allergens than other surfaces, such as skin and nasal mucosa, probably because of its anatomic and immunologic peculiarity.

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