scholarly journals Estimating virulence from relative survival

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Agnew
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Worked Examples ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
Capita Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Specific Definition ◽  
Key Parameter

AbstractA pathogen’s virulence is a key parameter in the mathematical models on which most epidemiological theory is based. In these models virulence generally has a very specific definition where it is the increased per capita rate of mortality of infected hosts due to infection. Empirical studies involving the experimental infection of hosts often estimate virulence with the aim of comparing these estimates to values or patterns predicted in the theoretical literature. However most empirical studies do not estimate virulence as it is defined in the theoretical literature, thus potentially confounding comparisons between the two approaches. Here the analysis of relative survival is applied to the type of data routinely generated in empirical studies to estimate virulence as it is defined in the theoretical literature. The theoretical grounds for approach are outlined, followed by worked examples estimating the virulence of different pathogens with data from published studies. Code allowing virulence to be estimated by maximum likelihood with R is provided.

scholarly journals Evolution of university governance in Morocco: Which impacts?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Khalid Ayad ◽  
Khaoula Dobli Bennani ◽  
Mostafa Elhachloufi
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
University Governance ◽  
General Review ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
Quality Of Higher Education ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

The concept of governance has become ubiquitous since it is recognized as an important tool for improving quality in all aspects of higher education.In Morocco, few scientific articles have dealt with the subject of university governance. Therefore, we will present a general review of the evolution of governance through laws and reforms established by Moroccan Governments from 1975 to 2019. The purpose of the study is to detect the extent of the presence of university governance principles in these reforms.This study enriches the theoretical literature on the crisis of Moroccan university and opens the way to new empirical studies to better understand the perception of university governance concept in the Moroccan context and to improve the quality of higher education and subsequently the economic development of the country.The findings of this study show an increasing evolution of the presence of university governance principles in reforms and higher education laws.

scholarly journals Sustained investment surges

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Libman ◽  
Juan Antonio Montecino ◽  
Arslan Razmi
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Capital Outflows ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Index Investment ◽  
Human Capital Index

Abstract Existing empirical studies have mainly focused on determinants of average investment levels. Instead, we investigate episodes of accelerated capital stock growth having a duration of eight years or longer. We find that episodes are relatively common, even in low-growth regions, but more so in middle-income and Asian countries. After identifying 175 episodes between 1950 and 2014, we employ probit analysis to explore their characteristics. Turning points in investment tend to be preceded by macroeconomic stability, real exchange rate undervaluation, and net capital outflows (especially portfolio outflows). We also find a negative correlation with the capital to output ratio and per capita GDP, and a positive correlation with a human capital index. Investment surges tend to be associated with changes in the trade balance and, to a (statistically) weaker extent, with structural change.

“The ball is round, the game lasts 90 minutes, everything else is pure theory”

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-74
Author(s):  
Peter-J. Jost
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Pure Theory ◽  
Soccer Match ◽  
Effort Allocation ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
Heterogeneous Teams

We model a soccer match between two heterogeneous teams as a two-stage contest where each team chooses its attacking and defending effort for each half of the match. We characterize the optimal teams’ efforts as well as the optimal effort allocation between offense and defense. In contrast to the theoretical literature on soccer we show, for example, that the leading team may preempt its competitor in the first half. Our analysis also sheds new light on empirical studies that investigate the change in winning points on the number of ties by showing that this effect depends crucially on teams’ heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Avian Species to Brucella Infection: A Hypothesis-Driven Study

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamal Wareth ◽  
Ahmed Kheimar ◽  
Heinrich Neubauer ◽  
Falk Melzer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Brucella Infection ◽  
Wide Range

Brucellosis is a highly contagious bacterial disease affecting a wide range of animals, as well as humans. The existence of the clinically diagnosed brucellosis in avian species is controversially discussed. In the current study, we set to summarize the current knowledge on the presence of brucellae in avian species. Anti-Brucella antibodies were monitored in different avian species using classical diagnostic tools. Experimental infection of chicken embryos induced the disease and resulted in the development of specific lesions. Few empirical studies have been performed in adult poultry. However, the isolation of brucellae from naturally-infected chickens has not been possible yet.

scholarly journals Measurement of Quality of Life in Spanish Regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel de Maya Matallana ◽  
María López-Martínez ◽  
Prudencio José Riquelme-Perea
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Academic Training ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
Material Growth ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract The present paper measures quality of life through a set of dimensions included in the following partial indicators of objective well-being: demography, economic endowment, academic training, employment, health, cultural goods, environment, housing habitability, security and family. Additionally, and independently, subjective well-being is studied to measure the degree of happiness of the population. As a result, a quality of life indicator is obtained that combines both objective and subjective indicators. The methodology used corresponds to that provided by Pena Trapero through the distance measure DP2, which has been widely used in many empirical studies on well-being and quality of life. Among the results obtained, it is worth noting that happiness diminishes as per capita income grows, and that prosperity, understood as social welfare, can be achieved without relying exclusively on material growth. Thus, the Spanish development model must be revised since the material objectives and economic growth do not guarantee the happiness of the population.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic prediction of the maximum per capita rate of population growth

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1763) ◽  
pp. 20130523 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Fagan ◽  
Yanthe E. Pearson ◽  
Elise A. Larsen ◽  
Heather J. Lynch ◽  
Jessica B. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Capita Rate ◽  
Synthetic Life ◽  
Per Capita

The maximum per capita rate of population growth, r , is a central measure of population biology. However, researchers can only directly calculate r when adequate time series, life tables and similar datasets are available. We instead view r as an evolvable, synthetic life-history trait and use comparative phylogenetic approaches to predict r for poorly known species. Combining molecular phylogenies, life-history trait data and stochastic macroevolutionary models, we predicted r for mammals of the Caniformia and Cervidae. Cross-validation analyses demonstrated that, even with sparse life-history data, comparative methods estimated r well and outperformed models based on body mass. Values of r predicted via comparative methods were in strong rank agreement with observed values and reduced mean prediction errors by approximately 68 per cent compared with two null models. We demonstrate the utility of our method by estimating r for 102 extant species in these mammal groups with unknown life-history traits.

Per Capita Rate of Increase

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Nordberg ◽  
Douglas M. Templeton ◽  
Ole Andersen ◽  
John H. Duffus
Keyword(s):  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Capita Rate ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Allocation of Village Fund Policy Implementation and Its Determining Factors in Gorontalo Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Ismet Sulila
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Fund Allocation ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

Therefore, this study aims at examining the realization of the allocation of village fund, income per capita, and what factors determine the effectiveness of the implementation of village fund allocation policies in Gorontalo District. The complexity of implementing village fund policies requires caution in empirical studies in the field. Therefore the research approach uses qualitative methods. The data source in this study was primary data, which was conducted using a matrix of problem-based interview guidelines. Further, the data analysis techniques used consisted of data collection, data display, data condensation and verifying drawing conclusions. Data obtained in the field show that the allocation of village fund continues to increase. The impact of an increase in the allocation of village fund to the level of development in the village can be seen through per capita income in the last five years that has increased. Furthermore, the results of empirical studies in the field show that there are five important factors that determine the effectiveness of the implementation of village fund policies in Gorontalo District, namely 1) Participation, 2) communication, 3) resources, 4) attitude of implementers 5) organizational structure of implementers, 6) environment.

scholarly journals COLLEGE STUDENT MIND-SET AND INTENTIONS TOWARD ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CHENNAI CITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (8(SE)) ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Sankar ◽  
Irin Sutha
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
College Student ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Great Role ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
Chennai City

The objective of the present paper is to examine the college student Mind-set and intentions toward entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship is considered as engine of economic growth. That plays a great role in the economic growth and development of the country, more so in a rapidly developing country like India. Entrepreneurship development today has assumed great significance as it is a key to economic development. Entrepreneurs are the seed of industrial development and its fruits are greater employment opportunities, increase in per capita income, higher standard of living and balanced regional development. The present paper attempts to review and analyze the empirical studies undertaken to find out the entrepreneurial intention among college students and find out the factors influencing their decision to venture in entrepreneurship.

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