scholarly journals The genomic landscape of western South America: Andes, Amazonia and Pacific Coast

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Barbieri ◽  
Rodrigo Barquera ◽  
Leonardo Arias ◽  
José R. Sandoval ◽  
Oscar Acosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Early Migration ◽  
Genomic Landscape ◽  
The Pacific

ABSTRACTStudies of Native South American genetic diversity have helped to shed light on the peopling and differentiation of the continent, but available data are sparse for the major ecogeographic domains. These include the Pacific Coast, a potential early migration route; the Andes, home to the most expansive complex societies and to one of the most spoken indigenous language families of the continent (Quechua); and Amazonia, with its understudied population structure and rich cultural diversity. Here we explore the genetic structure of 177 individuals from these three domains, genotyped with the Affymetrix Human Origins array. We infer multiple sources of ancestry within the Native American ancestry component; one with clear predominance on the Coast and in the Andes, and at least two distinct substrates in neighboring Amazonia, with a previously undetected ancestry characteristic of northern Ecuador and Colombia. Amazonian populations are also involved in recent gene-flow with each other and across ecogeographic domains, which does not accord with the traditional view of small, isolated groups. Long distance genetic connections between speakers of the same language family suggest that languages had spread not by cultural contact alone. Finally, Native American populations admixed with post-Columbian European and African sources at different times, with few cases of prolonged isolation. With our results we emphasize the importance of including under-studied regions of the continent in high-resolution genetic studies, and we illustrate the potential of SNP chip arrays for informative regional scale analysis.

scholarly journals The Current Genomic Landscape of Western South America: Andes, Amazonia, and Pacific Coast

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2698-2713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Barbieri ◽  
Rodrigo Barquera ◽  
Leonardo Arias ◽  
José R Sandoval ◽  
Oscar Acosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Early Migration ◽  
Genomic Landscape ◽  
The Pacific

Abstract Studies of Native South American genetic diversity have helped to shed light on the peopling and differentiation of the continent, but available data are sparse for the major ecogeographic domains. These include the Pacific Coast, a potential early migration route; the Andes, home to the most expansive complex societies and to one of the most widely spoken indigenous language families of the continent (Quechua); and Amazonia, with its understudied population structure and rich cultural diversity. Here, we explore the genetic structure of 176 individuals from these three domains, genotyped with the Affymetrix Human Origins array. We infer multiple sources of ancestry within the Native American ancestry component; one with clear predominance on the Coast and in the Andes, and at least two distinct substrates in neighboring Amazonia, including a previously undetected ancestry characteristic of northern Ecuador and Colombia. Amazonian populations are also involved in recent gene-flow with each other and across ecogeographic domains, which does not accord with the traditional view of small, isolated groups. Long-distance genetic connections between speakers of the same language family suggest that indigenous languages here were spread not by cultural contact alone. Finally, Native American populations admixed with post-Columbian European and African sources at different times, with few cases of prolonged isolation. With our results we emphasize the importance of including understudied regions of the continent in high-resolution genetic studies, and we illustrate the potential of SNP chip arrays for informative regional-scale analysis.

The Thorny Oyster and the Origins of Empire: Implications of Recently Uncovered Spondylus Imagery from Chan Chan, Peru

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Pillsbury
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
Exchange Network

The acquisition and use of exotic, valuable, and ritually important elite goods is a prominent feature of many imperial political economies. After an extensive review of the archaeological and documentary sources on one specific valuable in the empire of Chimor, this paper analyzes the visual representation of such goods, an aspect seldom addressed by archaeologists. An architectural relief recently excavated at Chan Chan, the capital of Chimor, sheds new light on the use of exotic materials and long-distance trade and exchange along the Pacific coast of South America in the late Prehispanic period. This relief, named "Los Buceadores" (The Divers) for the principal imagery depicting Spondylus divers, is important for elucidating the role of this valuable in the early development of the Chimú empire. It is argued that the Chimú rulers sponsored a long-distance exchange network during an early stage of the expansion of the Chimú polity and that the fruits of this network, particularly Spondylus, formed a critical element in the formation and maintenance of the ritual and economic basis of power for the expanding state.

scholarly journals Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel I. Riuz-C ◽  
César Román-Valencia ◽  
Donald C. Taphorn ◽  
Paulo A. Buckup ◽  
Hernán Ortega
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Caudal Peduncle ◽  
Paraguay River ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Magdalena River ◽  
Southern Flank

The Astyanax orthodus species-group includes nine species: Astyanax boliviensis sp. nov., A. bopiensis nom. nov., A. embera sp. nov., A. gandhiae sp. nov., A. moorii comb. nov., A. orthodus, A. superbus, A. villwocki and A. yariguies comb. nov. The group is diagnosed by the presence of a series of pinnate-shaped marks (chevrons) located along the lateral midline, which extends from the humeral region to the caudal peduncle. Astyanax bopiensis nom. nov. is proposed as a substitute name for Astyanacinus multidens, which, along with Astyanax yariguies comb. nov., we reassign to Astyanax.We also propose the synonymy of Astyanacinus with Astyanax. The members of the A. orthodus species-group are distributed in northwestern South America, occurring in the Patia River drainage (A. embera sp. nov.) of the Pacific coast of Colombia, the Atrato River Basin (A. orthodus), the Magdalena River Basin (A. yariguies comb. nov.) of Caribbean Colombia, streams of the southern flank of the Andes of the Orinoco Basin in Venezuela (A. superbus), in the upper Amazon River Basin of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (A. villwocki, A. gandhiae sp. nov.), from the upper Paraguay River (A. moorii comb. nov.), the Madidi and Mamore Rivers, Bolivia (A. boliviensis sp. nov. and A. bopiensis nom. nov.). All species currently included in Astyanacinus are reassigned to the Astyanax orthodus species-group.

scholarly journals La globalización en los países andinos y la situación de la población indígena

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 5-32
Author(s):  
Aleksander Posern-Zieliński
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
South America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Political Differences ◽  
Cultural Entity

Short description (Adapted from introductory paragraph):“Since the early 90s of the 20th century, I followed systematically the development of the socio-cultural and ethno-political situation in the Andean region, meaning the countries in West South America, whose territories include the Pacific coast, and extend into the Andes. The main area of my anthropological investigations relates to three countries, namely to Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru. Despite the fundamental differences in economic development and particular political differences that can be observed, these countries have much in common. This allows me to treat this region as a single cultural entity and to compare similarities between processes taking place here…” Translated and adapted by Michal Gilewski

scholarly journals Caring for water in Northern Peru: On fragile infrastructures and the diverse work involved in irrigation

2021 ◽  
pp. 251484862110522
Author(s):  
Carolina Domínguez-Guzmán ◽  
Andres Verzijl ◽  
Margreet Zwarteveen ◽  
Annemarie Mol
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Managerial Style ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Hands On ◽  
The World ◽  
Northern Peru

The term control used to be central to the scholarship on modern water management. More recently, however, scholars have remarked that the world is too unstable and capricious for control to ever fully succeed. They propose that technologically facilitating water to flow depends instead on care. Building on this, we here propose that holding on to a single catch-all theoretical concept, even if it is ‘care’, does not suffice. Instead, analytical terms are better adapted – and re-adapted to local specificities. To exemplify this, we here present the case of the Huallabamba, a canal that makes horticulture possible in the arid valley of Motupe on the Pacific coast of northern Peru. In this case, while ‘control’ was hard to find, ‘care’ took different forms: the tinkering that compensates for the not-quite-modern character of the infrastructures; the adaptive managerial style necessary given the absence of information; the watchful, hands-on cuidar of the men who walk along the canal high up in the Andes, repairing what is broken, cautious lest they anger the spirits; the listening to and singing for water in the catchment area; and the activism that resists the invasion of mining companies. This open-ended list is not meant to travel as a theoretical grid, but rather to inspire others to propose locally salient analytical terms to explore the sites and situations in which they are involved.

Impact on the Spanish Empire of the Russian Incursion into the North Pacific, 1741–1821

2019 ◽  
pp. 839-861
Author(s):  
Martha Ortega Soto
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Aleutian Islands ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
The North Pacific

In the early eighteenth century, the imprecise northwest frontier of the Spanish Empire in America was scarcely explored. At the end of the Seven Years’ War the Spanish Crown implemented reforms to extend its control over peripheral areas like northwestern New Spain. The presence of Russian hunters and entrepreneurs in the Aleutian Islands and small enclaves along the Pacific coast unveiled during this War was considered by the Spanish Crown as an invasion. Meanwhile, the imperial Russian government approved the foundation of the Russian-American Company to consolidate a colonization project in the Americas. This chapter reflects on how both imperial governments understood the limits of their empires in North America, examining the relations that each of them established with the Native American peoples in order to profit from their workforce and local knowledge. It explores Native American responses to Russian and Spanish presence and how these influenced indigenous interethnic relations.

Radiocarbon Chronology for the Late Archaic and Formative Periods on the Pacific Coast of Southeastern Mesoamerica

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 161-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Blake ◽  
John E. Clark ◽  
Barbara Voorhies ◽  
George Michaels ◽  
Michael W. Love ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology ◽  
Middle Formative

AbstractArchaeological excavations carried out during the past five years along the Pacific coast of Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador have recovered 79 new 14C dates for the Late Archaic and Early to Middle Formative periods. We analyze these new dates along with 25 previously published dates to refine a sequence of 10 archaeological phases spanning almost three and a half millennia, from ca. 4000 to 650 B.C. The phases are summarized with a brief description of their most salient characteristics. We include illustrations of the Early Formative period ceramics and figurines from the Mazatan region. The sequence of phases reveals a trajectory of cultural evolution beginning in the Archaic period with the mobile hunting, fishing, and gathering Chantuto people. By 1550 B.C., the first ceramic-using sedentary communities appeared on the coast of Chiapas. They were hunter-fisher-gatherers who supplemented their food supply with cultivated plants, including maize and beans. We suggest that by the Locona phase (1400–1250 B.C.) in Chiapas, they began the transition from egalitarian sociopolitical organization to simple chiefdoms, leaving behind evidence of large-scale architectural constructions, long-distance imports such as obsidian and jade, and elaborately crafted prestige goods. Also in Chiapas, during the Cherla phase (1100–1000 B.C.), ceramic and figurine styles, nearly identical to those found at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan on the Gulf Coast, made their first appearance. Many of the local artifact styles were gradually replaced by styles that became increasingly widespread in Mesoamerica. The chronology presented here shows that these changes were roughly contemporaneous with similar ones in neighboring regions of Mesoamerica.

Project Management Considerations of Pipelines Crossing the Andes

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred M. Pettinger ◽  
Robert Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Team Work ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Right

Pipeline operators, contractors and governments face important challenges when planning, designing, constructing and operating pipelines which connect the hydrocarbon reserves in the Amazonian basin with population and shipping centers on the Pacific coast. These pipelines cross portions of the Amazonian rainforest, the mountain rainforest along the eastern flank of the Andes, the Andean plateau, and the rural and urban low lying desert areas along the Pacific coast. The need for these pipelines will continue and offers a tremendous opportunity to promote sustainable economic development. However, there are several challenges in safeguarding the integrity of the pipeline, environment, local population, and socio-economic fabric of the region. Failure to properly address these risks could have significant financial, engineering, environmental and social, or reputational consequences for operators, contractors, financiers and governments. In this context, companies need to understand the specific challenges present and implement an encompassing project and risk management strategy that entails leadership, team work, effective communication and collaboration in a manner that proactively meets anticipated needs and responds to evolving conditions. During design and construction management, engineers and scientists are challenged by geology, topography, limited or no field data, limited access to the right-of-way (RoW), and socio-environmental aspects. Major training efforts are needed for the construction workforce, in a manner applicable to educational and cultural characteristics. Special road safety measures are required and in many instances the right-of-way will be the only means of transporting construction material. Other special logistical challenges are presented by the rich cultural history of the Andes. During operation, special consideration needs to be given to external natural hazards like landslides, soil creep, seismicity, and river scour. Management needs to maintain good communication with all parties affected by the project and proactively promote broad socio-economic development in the project area. The recognition of these specific challenges and upfront investment will facilitate mutually beneficial project advancement and be of particular benefit in instances of anticipatable but uncontrollable events. This paper describes several of these challenges and provides guidance on how to minimize project specific risks and adverse effects to society and environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document