scholarly journals Anchorene is an endogenous diapocarotenoid required for anchor root formation in Arabidopsis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun-Peng Jia ◽  
Alexandra J. Dickinson ◽  
Jianing Mi ◽  
Guoxin Cui ◽  
Najeh M. Kharbatia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Auxin Homeostasis ◽  
Chemical Inhibitors ◽  
The Family ◽  
Natural Metabolite

AbstractArabidopsis root development is predicted to be regulated by yet unidentified carotenoid-derived metabolite(s). In this work, we screened known and putative carotenoid cleavage products and identified anchorene, a predicted carotenoid-derived dialdehyde (diapocarotenoid) that triggers anchor root development. Anchor roots are the least characterized type of root in Arabidopsis. They form at the root-shoot junction, particularly upon damage to the root apical meristem. Using Arabidopsis reporter lines, mutants and chemical inhibitors, we show that anchor roots originate from pericycle cells and that the development of this root type is auxin-dependent and requires carotenoid biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis and treatment of auxin-reporter lines indicate that anchorene triggers anchor root development by modulating auxin homeostasis. Exogenous application of anchorene restored anchor root development in carotenoid-deficient plants, indicating that this compound is the carotenoid-derived signal required for anchor root development. Chemical modifications of anchorene led to a loss of anchor root promoting activity, suggesting that this compound is highly specific. Furthermore, we demonstrate by LC-MS analysis that anchorene is a natural, endogenous Arabidopsis metabolite. Taken together, our work reveals a new member of the family of carotenoid-derived regulatory metabolites and hormones.SignificanceUnknown carotenoid-derived compounds are predicted to regulate different aspects of plant development. Here, we characterize the development of anchor roots, the least characterized root type in Arabidopsis, and show that this process depends on auxin and requires a carotenoid-derived metabolite. We identified a presumed carotenoid-derivative, anchorene, as the likely, specific signal involved in anchor root formation. We further show that anchorene is a natural metabolite that occurs in Arabidopsis. Based on the analysis of auxin reporter lines and transcriptome data, we provide evidence that anchorene triggers the growth of anchor roots by modulating auxin homeostasis. Taken together, our work identifies a novel carotenoid-derived growth regulator with a specific developmental function.

scholarly journals The volatile cedrene from plant beneficial Trichoderma guizhouense modulates Arabidopsis root development through auxin transport and signaling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yucong Li ◽  
Jiahui Shao ◽  
Yansong Fu ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Hongzhe Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Auxin Receptor ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Rhizosphere Microorganisms ◽  
Stimulate Plant Growth

Rhizosphere microorganisms interact with plant roots by producing chemical signals to regulate root development. However, the involved distinct bioactive compounds and the signal transduction pathways are remaining to be identified. Here, we show that sesquiterpenes (SQTs) are the main volatile compounds produced by plant beneficial Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU 4742, inhibition of SQTs synthesis in this strain indicated their involvement in plant-fungus cross-kingdom signaling. SQTs component analysis further identified the cedrene, a high abundant SQT in strain NJAU 4742, could stimulate plant growth and root development. Genetic analysis and auxin transport inhibition showed that auxin receptor TIR1, AFB2, auxin-responsive protein IAA14, and transcription factor ARF7, ARF19 affect the response of lateral roots to cedrene. Moreover, auxin influx carrier AUX1, efflux carrier PIN2 were also indispensable for cedrene-induced lateral root formation. Confocal imaging showed that cedrene affected the expression of pPIN2:PIN2:GFP and pPIN3:PIN3:GFP, which may be related to the effect of cedrene on root morphology. These results suggest that a novel SQT molecule from plant beneficial T. guizhouense can regulate plant root development through auxin transport and signaling.

scholarly journals Cytokinin Induces Cell Division in the Quiescent Center of the Arabidopsis Root Apical Meristem

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (20) ◽  
pp. 1979-1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Zhang ◽  
Ranjan Swarup ◽  
Malcolm Bennett ◽  
G. Eric Schaller ◽  
Joseph J. Kieber
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Quiescent Center ◽  
Arabidopsis Root

scholarly journals Nuclear calcium signatures are associated with root development

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Leitão ◽  
Pierre Dangeville ◽  
Ross Carter ◽  
Myriam Charpentier
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Auxin Homeostasis ◽  
Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channels ◽  
Meristem Development

Abstract In plants, nuclear Ca2+ releases are essential to the establishment of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-delivering arbuscular mycorrhizal endosymbioses. In the legume Medicago truncatula, these nuclear Ca2+ signals are generated by a complex of nuclear membrane-localised ion channels including the DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 1 (DMI1) and the cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGC) 15s. DMI1 and CNCG15s are conserved among land plants, suggesting roles for nuclear Ca2+ signalling that extend beyond symbioses. Here we show that nuclear Ca2+ signalling initiates in the nucleus of Arabidopsis root cells and that these signals are correlated with primary root development, including meristem development and auxin homeostasis. In addition, we demonstrate that altering genetically AtDMI1 is sufficient to modulate the nuclear Ca2+ signatures, and primary root development. This finding supports the postulate that stimulus-specific information can be encoded in the frequency and duration of a Ca2+ signal and thereby regulate cellular function.

scholarly journals Comparison of Promeristem Structure and Ontogeny of Procambium in Primary Roots of Zea mays ssp. Mexicana and Z. mays ‘Honey Bantam’ with Emphasis on Metaxylem Vessel Histogenesis

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu Saito ◽  
Teruo Niki ◽  
Daniel Gladish
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Careful Comparison ◽  
Number Of Cells

Classical histology describes the histological organization in Zea mays as having a “closed organization” that differs from Arabidopsis with the development of xylem conforming to predictable rules. We speculated that root apical meristem organization in a wild subspecies of Z. mays (a teosinte) would differ from a domestic sweetcorn cultivar (‘Honey Bantam’). Careful comparison could contribute to understanding how evolutionary processes and the domestication of maize have affected root development. Root tips of seedlings were prepared and sectioned for light microscopy. Most sections were treated with RNase before staining to increase contrast between the walls and cytoplasm. Longitudinal and serial transverse sections were analyzed using computer imaging to determine the position and timing of key xylem developmental events. Metaxylem development in mexicana teosinte differed from sweetcorn only in that the numbers of late-maturing metaxylem vessels in the latter are typically two-fold greater and the number of cells in the transverse section of procambium were greater in the latter, but parenchymatous cell sizes were not statistically different. Promeristems of both were nearly identical in size and organization, but did not operate quite as previously described. Mitotic activity was rare in the quiescent centers, but occasionally a synchronized pulse of mitoses was observed there. Our reinterpretation of histogen theory and procambium development should be useful for future detailed studies of regulation of development, and perhaps its evolution, in this species.

scholarly journals Coumarin Interferes with Polar Auxin Transport Altering Microtubule Cortical Array Organization in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Root Apical Meristem

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7305
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bruno ◽  
Emanuela Talarico ◽  
Luz Cabeiras-Freijanes ◽  
Maria Letizia Madeo ◽  
Antonella Muto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Polar Auxin Transport ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Cortical Array

Coumarin is a phytotoxic natural compound able to affect plant growth and development. Previous studies have demonstrated that this molecule at low concentrations (100 µM) can reduce primary root growth and stimulate lateral root formation, suggesting an auxin-like activity. In the present study, we evaluated coumarin’s effects (used at lateral root-stimulating concentrations) on the root apical meristem and polar auxin transport to identify its potential mode of action through a confocal microscopy approach. To achieve this goal, we used several Arabidopsis thaliana GFP transgenic lines (for polar auxin transport evaluation), immunolabeling techniques (for imaging cortical microtubules), and GC-MS analysis (for auxin quantification). The results highlighted that coumarin induced cyclin B accumulation, which altered the microtubule cortical array organization and, consequently, the root apical meristem architecture. Such alterations reduced the basipetal transport of auxin to the apical root apical meristem, inducing its accumulation in the maturation zone and stimulating lateral root formation.

scholarly journals Plastid-Localized Glutathione Reductase2-Regulated Glutathione Redox Status Is Essential for Arabidopsis Root Apical Meristem Maintenance

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 4451-4468 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Yu ◽  
T. Pasternak ◽  
M. Eiblmeier ◽  
F. Ditengou ◽  
P. Kochersperger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Meristem Maintenance ◽  
Glutathione Redox

scholarly journals The Medicago truncatula nodule identity gene MtNOOT1 is required for coordinated apical-basal development of the root

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Defeng Shen ◽  
Olga Kulikova ◽  
Kerstin Guhl ◽  
Henk Franssen ◽  
Wouter Kohlen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Xylem Cell

Abstract Background Legumes can utilize atmospheric nitrogen by hosting nitrogen-fixing bacteria in special lateral root organs, called nodules. Legume nodules have a unique ontology, despite similarities in the gene networks controlling nodule and lateral root development. It has been shown that Medicago truncatula NODULE ROOT1 (MtNOOT1) is required for the maintenance of nodule identity, preventing the conversion to lateral root development. MtNOOT1 and its orthologs in other plant species -collectively called the NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE (NBCL) family- specify boundary formation in various aerial organs. However, MtNOOT1 is not only expressed in nodules and aerial organs, but also in developing roots, where its function remains elusive. Results We show that Mtnoot1 mutant seedlings display accelerated root elongation due to an enlarged root apical meristem. Also, Mtnoot1 mutant roots are thinner than wild-type and are delayed in xylem cell differentiation. We provide molecular evidence that the affected spatial development of Mtnoot1 mutant roots correlates with delayed induction of genes involved in xylem cell differentiation. This coincides with a basipetal shift of the root zone that is susceptible to rhizobium-secreted symbiotic signal molecules. Conclusions Our data show that MtNOOT1 regulates the size of the root apical meristem and vascular differentiation. Our data demonstrate that MtNOOT1 not only functions as a homeotic gene in nodule development but also coordinates the spatial development of the root.

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