scholarly journals Psittacid Adenovirus-2 infection in the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogastor): A key threatening process or an example of a host-adapted virus?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nian Yang ◽  
Jennifer McLelland ◽  
David J. McLelland ◽  
Judy Clarke ◽  
Lucy Woolford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Captive Breeding ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Chick Survival ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Status ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Time

AbstractPsittacid Adenovirus-2 (PsAdv-2) was identified in captive orange-bellied parrots (Neophema chrysogastor) during a multifactorial cluster of mortalities at the Adelaide Zoo, South Australia, and an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia at the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment captive breeding facility, Taroona, Tasmania. This was the first time that an adenovirus had been identified in orange-bellied parrots and is the first report of PsAdv-2 in Australia. To investigate the status of PsAdv-2 in the captive population of orange-bellied parrots, 102 healthy birds from five breeding facilities were examined for the presence of PsAdv-2 DNA in droppings and/or cloacal swabs using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Additionally, eight birds released to the wild for the 2016 breeding season were similarly tested when they were recaptured prior to migration to be held in captivity for the winter. PsAdv-2 was identified in all breeding facilities as well as the birds recaptured from the wild. Prevalence of shedding ranged from 29.7 to 76.5%, demonstrating that PsAdv-2 is endemic in the captive population of orange-bellied parrots and that wild parrots may have been exposed to the virus. PsAdv-2 DNA was detected in both cloacal swabs and faeces of the orange-bellied parrots, but testing both samples from the same birds suggested that testing faeces would be more sensitive than cloacal swabs. PsAdv-2 was not found in other psittacine species housed in nearby aviaries at the Adelaide Zoo. The source of the infection in the orange-bellied parrots remains undetermined. In this study, PsAdv-2 prevalence of shedding was higher in adult birds as compared to birds less than one year old. Preliminary data also suggested a correlation between adenovirus shedding prevalence within the breeding collection and chick survival.

More than just the animals: opportunities and costs of reintroducing threatened black-footed rock-wallabies to remote Indigenous land

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Ireland ◽  
Magdalena Zabek ◽  
Carolina Galindez-Silva ◽  
Sara Weir ◽  
Rebecca West ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Fire Management ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Project Cost ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cross Fostering ◽  
North Western ◽  
Indigenous Land

Conservation activities, including translocations of threatened species, are increasingly important priorities for conserving biodiversity and culture on Indigenous-managed lands, which occupy over 20% of the Australian landmass. In the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands of north-western South Australia, the Warru Recovery Team reintroduced the threatened black-footed rock-wallaby (warru) to Wamitjara in May 2018. We outline the unique planning and logistical issues inherent in securing support and involvement of Traditional Owners and Indigenous rangers for predator, weed and fire management, cross-fostering, captive breeding, monitoring and translocation of the rock-wallabies. Altogether, the project cost AU$3.86 million (actual – AU$1.86 million, in kind – AU$2.00 million) over 10 years of preparation and one year of post-translocation monitoring. This consisted of AU$1.18 million for cross-fostering and captive breeding at Monarto Zoo and a further AU$0.55 million for the construction and maintenance of a fenced exclosure in the APY Lands. It is estimated that AU$0.51 million of the total costs were directly attributed to working remote and Indigenous-owned land, with most of the remaining costs typical of other reintroduction programs. Large-scale reintroduction opportunities on Indigenous-managed land can provide considerable conservation outcomes as well as delivering cultural objectives and supporting employment.

scholarly journals Occurrence of a 16SrIV Group Phytoplasma not Previously Associated with Palm Species in Yucatan, Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Vázquez-Euán ◽  
Nigel Harrison ◽  
María Narvaez ◽  
Carlos Oropeza
Keyword(s):  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Sabal Mexicana ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
First Time

The occurrence of 16SrIV group phytoplasmas in palm species Sabal mexicana and Pseudophoenix sargentii is reported here for the first time. Palm trees showed leaf decay and leaf yellowing syndromes, respectively. An amplification product (1.4 kb) was obtained in symptomatic S. mexicana (18 of 21) and symptomatic P. sargentii (1 of 1) palm trees sampled in different locations in Yucatan State, Mexico; five of the positive S. mexicana and the positive P. sargentii trees died. The identity of the phytoplasmas from these species was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism profiling with restriction enzymes AluI and HinfI, showing there could be two phytoplasma strains of the 16SrIV group. In one S. mexicana palm, the profile was the same as observed with these enzymes for phytoplasmas of 16SrIV-A subgroup, previously associated with Cocos nucifera palm trees and, in the rest of the trees, including the P. sargentii palm, the profile was for phytoplasmas of the 16SrIV-D subgroup. These identities were supported by analyses of the amplicons obtained by nested polymerase chain reaction by nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST analysis. Geographical distribution of the association S. mexicana/16SrIV group phytoplasmas was found widely dispersed in Yucatan State. A potential role of S. mexicana palm trees as a permanent source of phytoplasma inoculum is suggested. In addition to P. sargentii, other palm species (Thrinax radiata and C. nucifera) coexisting with S. mexicana trees were also sampled and analyzed.

The Longevity of some Species of Helminth Parasites in Naturally Acquired Infections of the Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus L., in Britain

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Ellis ◽  
I. C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Helminth Fauna ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Larus Fuscus ◽  
General Decline ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Time

1. Ninety-six lesser black-backed gulls, Larus fuscus L., captured at about 6 weeks of age, were kept in captivity for up to 2⅛ years. At intervals some gulls were killed and examined for helminth parasites, of which 14 species were found comprising 4 species of Trematoda, 5 species of Cestoda and 5 species of Nematoda.2. Nine of the 14 species are commonly found in Holarctic gulls and may be regarded as characteristic members of the helminth fauna of these birds. Six species are recorded from L. fuscus for the first time.3. The life span of different species of helminth parasites in L. fuscus varied from 2 months to 2⅛ years; few specimens lived in their host for more than one year. During captivity there was a marked decline in the variety of the helminth fauna of individual gulls, as well as a general decline in the incidence and intensity of infection with individual species of parasites. There was one exception, the tape-worm Tetrabothrius cylindraceus, which increased in incidence and maintained a fairly even intensity of infection in L. fuscus over 21 months. The results are discussed in relation to the ecology of the parasite and the host.

Determining Platypus Relationships

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
NJ Gemmell ◽  
TR Grant ◽  
PS Western ◽  
J Walmsley ◽  
JM Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Mitochondrial Control Region ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Resident Population ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain

In the summer of 1990-91 the first captive breeding of platypus (Omithorhynchus anatinus) in 47 years, and only the second ever, occurred in a small resident population at Warrawong Sanctuary, South Australia. DNA fingerprinting and analyses employing the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome have been used to determine family relationships within this population Using hypervariable DNA sequences cloned from other species to probe blots of DNA from the Warrawong platypuses, individual-specific banding patterns have been observed that allow the identification of family relationships within the population. A novel method for detecting maternal relationships within platypus populations, based on polymerase chain reaction analyses of the highly polymorphic mitochondrial control region, is also presented.

scholarly journals Seasonal changes in gonad maturity, proximate and fatty acid composition of Limbaugh’s damselfish, Chromis limbaughi Greenfield & Woods, 1980 (Pisces: Pomacentridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-765
Author(s):  
Mayra González-Félix ◽  
Martin Perez-Velazquez ◽  
Hugo Cañedo-Orihuela
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Reproductive Season ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Aquarium Trade ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Breeding Techniques

Limbaugh?s damselfish, Chromis limbaughi Greenfield & Woods, 1980, is endemic to the Gulf of California, and one of the five most exploited species for the aquarium trade in this region. C. limbaughi is a gonochoristic, gregarious and territorial species without sexual dimorphism that inhabits rocky, sheltered areas. Development of captive breeding techniques for this species would not only ensure a continued supply of fish for the commercial trade, but perhaps more importantly, it would also alleviate fishing pressure and support stock enhancement. Thus, as a first step towards achieving these goals, in this work, we investigated some aspects of the reproductive biology of C. limbaughi. Seasonal fish samplings, with a total of eighty-nine fish caught in one year, were carried out at San Esteban Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. The reproductive season of C. limbaughi extends, at least, from May to September. A new maximum standard length of 10.5 cm is reported for this species. The estimated size at first sexual maturity was 7.90 cm for males and 7.59 cm for females. For both male and female gonads, the major constituent fatty acids were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. The water-quality conditions under which maturation of C. limbaughi took place were measured, and should prove useful for the management of broodstock in captivity.

Botanical contributions of the Northern Australia regional survey. I. Studies on Northern Australian species of Eucalyptus

1953 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
ST Blake
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
The Status ◽  
First Time

This is the first botanical contribution from the C.S.I.R.O. Northern Australia Regional Survey. Revised accounts of 50 species with discussions on taxonomy, distribution, and typification of names are the result of a partial revision of the genus Eucalyptus as represented in the northern part of Australia; keys to two groups particularly studied are given. All the 42 species known from the northern part of the Northern Territory are treated, with three keys to their identification; the first of these is based on characters observable in the field, the second on hand specimens with buds and flowers, and the third on hand specimens with fruits only. New criteria for the discrimination of species have been used, and some examples of their application are shown graphically; these include the number of lateral veins in the leaf, the ratio of its length to its breadth, and (to some extent) the exact distance of the intramarginal vein from the margin and the shape of the free part of the calyx-tube of the flower. The juvenile stages, flowers, fruits, and seeds are described for the first time for some species. Types of all names, with the herbaria in which they are to be found, are cited, with reference to published figures, some of which appear for the first time in this paper. Several lectotypes are designated, and the guiding principles adopted for their selection are described. Citations of specimens are restricted to those collected in 1946-9 on the Northern Australia Regional Survey, to types, new records, and some critical collections. Distribution maps of 51 species are based on all specimens examined. Plates from photographs illustrate the characteristic habit of some species, the deciduous nature of some, a few characteristic barks, various type specimens and some other specimens cited in taxonomic discussions. The status of about 160 names was investigated. Among others, E. clavigera A. Cunn. ex Schau., E. polycarpa F. Muell., E. terminalis F. Muell., E. foelscheana F. Muell., and E. racernosa Cav. are shown to have been originally applied to species different from those currently passing under these names. Many names are treated as synonyms on taxonomic grounds, 24 of them for the first time. All nomenclatural changes are summarized in two tables. One new species, E. porrecta S. T. Blake, and one new combination, E. gilbertensis (Maiden & Blakely) S. T. Blake, are proposed. The following species are new records for the areas mentioned: E. Izerbertiana and E. cliftoniana (Northern Territory) ; E. aspera and E. ferruginea (Queensland) ; E. bigalerita and E. patellaris (Western Australia) ; and E. dichromophloia (South Australia). In an appendix, the graphical methods and distribution maps are discussed and some remarks made on the phylogeny and history of distribution of the genus.

scholarly journals Sheep infection by caprine lentivirus

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-276
Author(s):  
Thiago Sampaio de Souza ◽  
Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro ◽  
Carla Caroline Valença de Lima ◽  
Roberta Lomonte Lemos de Brito ◽  
Dalva Alana Aragão de Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
One Year ◽  
Iatrogenic Transmission ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Newborn Animals

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to demonstrate iatrogenic transmission of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) from goats to sheep and horizontal transmission between sheep. The study was conducted on a farm with separate goat and sheep rearing, and animals were monitored for lentivirus occurrence by clinical examination and testing by immunoblotting (IB), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). Positive results had not been observed in the sheep flock until this study. Conversely, virus positive dairy goats were known. For this reason, the farm performed the caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) control program. The study was designed with a sheep group that presented positive animals for SRLV by nPCR. It was verified that three newborn animals in this group were rejected by their mothers and consequently received milk from the goat herd. These three animals remained with another 20 sheep of the same age, totaling 23 animals. After one year, during monitoring, 11 of the 23 animals in the group presented positive results in the nPCR and three demonstrated seroconversion by IB. Of the animals that had received goat milk, two had positive results in the nPCR and IB. The 11 animals positive in the nPCR were followed and it was verified that five animals did not present further positive results in the nPCR, nor seroconversion; two continued presenting positive results in the nPCR but were negative in the IB and AGID and four were positive in the nPCR, IB, and AGID. Thus, it was possible to demonstrate iatrogenic interspecific infection and the occurrence of horizontal caprine lentivirus transmission among sheep.

scholarly journals Preliminary Behavior of Chinkara (Gazella Bennettii) under Captive Conditions with Future Conservation Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Muhammad Idnan ◽  
Arshad Javid ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Ali Hussain ◽  
Sajid Mansoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Agonistic Interaction ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Captive Breeding Programs

Background: Study of behavioral conformations play a significant role in ex-situ conservation of ungulates particularly of deer to propagate deer farming. Due to advancement in animal hunting techniques, captive breeding is the best solution to propagate animals for sports or other traditional & medicinal uses. Due to the lack of management methods, captive breeding programs have been used on trial and error basis for rearing of wild animals like Chinkara. Objectives: The present study was planned to investigate behavioral patterns in captivity to explore factors over reproductive success of the Chinkara and potential of this wild animal (Chinkara) for deer farming practices in Pakistan. Methodology: Present study was conducted on the behavior of Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) [wild-caught (WC)=20, captive-bred (CB)=10] for a period of one year from April 2013 to March 2014 at Captive breeding facilities for ungulates, Ravi campus Pattoki, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Pakistan. Results: The behavior of captive-born and wild-caught animals was observed by focal sampling pattern to frame conservation strategies for successful management practices for promotion of deer farming in Pakistan. Similar behavioral patterns were observed in both WC and CB animals but WC male Chinkara displayed a higher degree of agonistic interaction than of CB males. From these results it is predicted that there is no obvious immediate effect of captivity on behavioral configurations up to 10 generations in Chinkara. Conclusion: It is suggested that Chinkara is not suitable for domestication like Goat until further studies on ethology of Chinkara.

Monotreme and Marsupial Breeding Programs in Australian Zoos

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
GG George
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Captive Populations ◽  
Species Management ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Status

Cooperative breeding programs for selected species in Australian zoos have developed rather rapidly in response to growing concerns for the status of wildlife world-wide. The need to enlarge captive populations and to manage them for genetic and demographic stability led in 1983 to the establishment of a regional Species Management Scheme among the major publicly funded zoos of Australia and New Zealand. Several Australian marsupials are being successfully managed under this scheme, and management plans for others are being developed. Managed species are designated on the basis of their restricted availability to zoos, and the desirability of having a self-sustaining captive population for conservation purposes. Captive breeding histories of most Australian and some New Guinea monotremes and marsupials are reviewed, and details of zoo breeding programs discussed for managed species.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Reproductive Hormone Monitoring in Endangered Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod Kumar ◽  
Shyamalima Buragohain ◽  
Parag Jyoti Deka ◽  
Goutam Narayan ◽  
Govindhaswamy Umapathy
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Progesterone Metabolites ◽  
High Pressure Liquid Chro ◽  
Pygmy Hog ◽  
Testosterone Metabolites ◽  
One Year

The Pygmy hog (Porcula Salvania), till recently, classified as a critically endangered suid, is facing the threat of extinction globally due to habitat degradation. Efforts are being made to protect the pygmy hogs from extinction and breed them in captivity under Pygmy Hog Conservation Pro-gramme (PHCP). However, very little information is available on the reproductive physiology of pygmy hogs. Therefore, the present study aimed to standardize enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for monitoring pregnancy and reproductive status using progesterone and testosterone metabolites. A total of 785 faecal samples were collected from five females and two males over a period of one year from PHCP Research and Breeding Centre, Guwahati, Assam. High-pressure liquid chro-matography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of immunoreactive progesterone and testos-terone metabolites in faeces. Mating was observed in all the five females and four of them gave birth successfully. We were able to detect pregnancy using faecal progesterone metabolites. Based on mating and parturition, the mean gestation period was estimated to be 153.25 days from four females. The breeding centre recorded 172 births between 1996 and 2000 and found strong sea-sonality in births and most of the births were between May and June. Faecal testosterone metabo-lites were significantly higher in the breeding season than the non-breeding season. This is the first study and will help in future breeding programs in other captive breeding centres and reproduc-tive monitoring of reintroduced populations.

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