scholarly journals Insights on the assembly rules of a continent-wide multilayer network

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. R. Mello ◽  
Gabriel M. Felix ◽  
Rafael B. P. Pinheiro ◽  
Renata L. Muylaert ◽  
Cullen Geiselman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Assembly Rules ◽  
Multilayer Network ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Nested Structure ◽  
Shed Light

Introductory paragraphHow are ecological systems assembled? Here, we aim to contribute to answering this question by harnessing the framework of a novel integrative hypothesis. We shed light on the assembly rules of a multilayer network formed by frugivory and nectarivory interactions between bats and plants in the Neotropics. Our results suggest that, at a large scale, phylogenetic trade-offs separate species into different layers and modules. At an intermediate scale, the modules are also shaped by geographic trade-offs. And at a small scale, the network shifts to a nested structure within its modules, probably as a consequence of resource breadth processes. Finally, once the topology of the network is shaped, morphological traits related to consuming fruits or nectar determine which species are central or peripheral. Our results help understand how different processes contribute to the assemblage of ecological systems at different scales, resulting in a compound topology.

scholarly journals A sleep epidemic or enlightenment? A Bayesian approach to test the sleep epidemic hypothesis shows foragers have short and fragmented sleep compared to large scale societies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Human Sleep ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Recent Attention

AbstractHuman sleep is linked with nearly every aspect of our health and wellbeing. The question whether and to what extent human sleep is in a state of evolutionary mismatch has gained recent attention from both clinical and biological science researchers. Here, I use a comparative Bayesian approach aimed at testing the sleep epidemic hypothesis – the idea that, due to labor demands and technological disruption, sleep-wake activity is negatively impacted in post-industrial, economically developed societies. In contrast to the expectations of the sleep epidemic hypothesis, when compared to both large and small-scale subsistence societies that rely on agriculture for subsistence, foragers were the shortest, least efficient sleeping group. Coupled with previous work demonstrating that foragers have stronger circadian rhythms compared to those sleeping in buffered environments, I present the sleep-rhythm trade-off hypothesis – that sleep duration, quality, and synchrony is driven by trade-offs between sleep security and comfort versus sleep site environmental exposure. One strategy to improve wellbeing of modern sleepers would be to focus on behavioral interventions that reduce desynchronizations of circadian rhythms, while holding the positive ground of safe, secure, and regulated sleep environments typical of economically developed societies.

Variation in morphological traits among and within populations of Austrodanthonia caespitosa (Gaudich.) H.P. Linder and four related species

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Waters ◽  
G. Melville ◽  
D. Coates ◽  
J. Virgona ◽  
A. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Adaptive Genetic Variation

The native perennial grasses Austrodanthonia spp. are widespread and of great agricultural economic importance to large areas of southern Australia. However, little is known of the adaptive genetic variation that exists within wild populations. Intra-specific genetic variation has significant implications for the restoration and management of native plant communities because different seed sources may exhibit differences in adaptation. Using two common garden studies, we measured variation in morphological traits (flowering and growth) and water-use efficiency (carbon-isotope discrimination Δ) of Austrodanthonia caespitosa (Gaudich.) H.P. Linder and related species (A. bipartita, A. eriantha, A. fulva and A. setacea) and related this variation to environmental characteristics. Most variation for all species occurred among populations suggesting ecotypic variation. The significant relationship between flowering and growth characteristics of A. caespitosa and both large-scale climatic variables such as spring rainfall and sunshine hours and small-scale site characteristics such as shading provides evidence for trait-dependent adaptation at different scales. While components of fecundity such as flowering time and number of inflorescences represent important fitness traits, for other traits such as intrinsic water use there were no significant differences between populations. We discuss the implication of these results to both growth characteristics and sourcing seed.

scholarly journals Multicriteria Definition of Small-Scale Biorefineries Based on a Statistical Classification

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7310
Author(s):  
Aicha Ait Sair ◽  
Kamal Kansou ◽  
Franck Michaud ◽  
Bernard Cathala
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
End Products ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Consensual Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Process Complexity

Biorefineries have many possible designs and therefore, present varied benefits in regards to sustainable development. Evaluating these biorefineries is central for the domain, and, as small-scale biorefineries (SSB) are commonly opposed to the large ones, specifying the concept of scale of a biorefinery is essential as well. However, there is no consensual definition of the “scale”, and the meaning of the term changes with the context. This paper presents a methodology to specify the concept of scale by grouping various biorefineries processing lignocellulosic biomass according to factors related to feedstock, process, economy and mobility of the facility, without any predetermined pattern. Data from 15 operational biorefineries are analyzed using a multivariate analysis combined with a hierarchical clustering. The classification obtained categorizes biorefineries into four design classes: smallest, small, hybrid and large scale. Small-scale biorefineries are characterized by a small investment cost (less than 2 M€), a low processing capacity (less than 100 t/day) and a low process complexity, while the end-products’ added value is variable. The mobility of the plants is a sufficient, but not necessary, criterion to have a small-scale biorefinery. Finally, the designs of the investigated biorefineries can be explained by two main trade-offs: one between the mobility and the processing capacity-investment cost, and the other between the process complexity and the added value.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal variation in the wintering associations of an alpine bird

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1951) ◽  
pp. 20210690
Author(s):  
María del Mar Delgado ◽  
Raphaël Arlettaz ◽  
Chiara Bettega ◽  
Mattia Brambilla ◽  
Miguel de Gabriel Hernando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Wintering Conditions ◽  
Shed Light

Many animals make behavioural changes to cope with winter conditions, being gregariousness a common strategy. Several factors have been invoked to explain why gregariousness may evolve during winter, with individuals coming together and separating as they trade off the different costs and benefits of living in groups. These trade-offs may, however, change over space and time as a response to varying environmental conditions. Despite its importance, little is known about the factors triggering gregarious behaviour during winter and its change in response to variation in weather conditions is poorly documented. Here, we aimed at quantifying large-scale patterns in wintering associations over 23 years of the white-winged snowfinch Montifringilla nivalis nivalis . We found that individuals gather in larger groups at sites with harsh wintering conditions. Individuals at colder sites reunite later and separate earlier in the season than at warmer sites. However, the magnitude and phenology of wintering associations are ruled by changes in weather conditions. When the temperature increased or the levels of precipitation decreased, group size substantially decreased, and individuals stayed united in groups for a shorter time. These results shed light on factors driving gregariousness and points to shifting winter climate as an important factor influencing this behaviour.

scholarly journals Playing With Fear: A Field Study in Recreational Horror

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1497-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Malmdorf Andersen ◽  
Uffe Schjoedt ◽  
Henry Price ◽  
Fernando E. Rosas ◽  
Coltan Scrivner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Heart Rate Monitors ◽  
Heart Rate Fluctuations ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Just Right

Haunted attractions are illustrative examples of recreational fear in which people voluntarily seek out frightening experiences in pursuit of enjoyment. We present findings from a field study at a haunted-house attraction where visitors between the ages of 12 and 57 years ( N = 110) were equipped with heart rate monitors, video-recorded at peak scare points during the attraction, and asked to report on their experience. Our results show that enjoyment has an inverted-U-shaped relationship with fear across repeated self-reported measures. Moreover, results from physiological data demonstrate that the experience of being frightened is a linear function of large-scale heart rate fluctuations, whereas there is an inverted-U-shaped relationship between participant enjoyment and small-scale heart rate fluctuations. These results suggest that enjoyment is related to forms of arousal dynamics that are “just right.” These findings shed light on how fear and enjoyment can coexist in recreational horror.

scholarly journals Local cost minimization in ant transport networks: from small-scale data to large-scale trade-offs

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (112) ◽  
pp. 20150780 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bottinelli ◽  
E. van Wilgenburg ◽  
D. J. T. Sumpter ◽  
T. Latty
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Transport Networks ◽  
Network Growth ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Qualitative Similarity

Transport networks distribute resources and information in many human and biological systems. Their construction requires optimization and balance of conflicting criteria such as robustness against disruptions, transport efficiency and building cost. The colonies of the polydomous Australian meat ant Iridomyrmex purpureus are a striking example of such a decentralized network, consisting of trails that connect spatially separated nests. Here we study the rules that underlie network construction in these ants. We find that a simple model of network growth, which we call the minimum linking model (MLM), is sufficient to explain the growth of real ant colonies. For larger networks, the MLM shows a qualitative similarity with a Euclidean minimum spanning tree, prioritizing cost and efficiency over robustness. We introduce a variant of our model to show that a balance between cost, efficiency and robustness can be also reproduced at larger scales than ant colonies. Remarkably, such a balance is influenced by a parameter reflecting the specific features of the modelled transport system. The extended MLM could thus be a suitable source of inspiration for the construction of cheap and efficient transport networks with non-zero robustness, suggesting possible applications in the design of human-made networks.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

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