Variation in morphological traits among and within populations of Austrodanthonia caespitosa (Gaudich.) H.P. Linder and four related species

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Waters ◽  
G. Melville ◽  
D. Coates ◽  
J. Virgona ◽  
A. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Adaptive Genetic Variation

The native perennial grasses Austrodanthonia spp. are widespread and of great agricultural economic importance to large areas of southern Australia. However, little is known of the adaptive genetic variation that exists within wild populations. Intra-specific genetic variation has significant implications for the restoration and management of native plant communities because different seed sources may exhibit differences in adaptation. Using two common garden studies, we measured variation in morphological traits (flowering and growth) and water-use efficiency (carbon-isotope discrimination Δ) of Austrodanthonia caespitosa (Gaudich.) H.P. Linder and related species (A. bipartita, A. eriantha, A. fulva and A. setacea) and related this variation to environmental characteristics. Most variation for all species occurred among populations suggesting ecotypic variation. The significant relationship between flowering and growth characteristics of A. caespitosa and both large-scale climatic variables such as spring rainfall and sunshine hours and small-scale site characteristics such as shading provides evidence for trait-dependent adaptation at different scales. While components of fecundity such as flowering time and number of inflorescences represent important fitness traits, for other traits such as intrinsic water use there were no significant differences between populations. We discuss the implication of these results to both growth characteristics and sourcing seed.

scholarly journals A Life Cycle Assessment Approach for Vegetables in Large-, Mid-, and Small-Scale Food Systems in the Midwest US

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11368
Author(s):  
Tiffanie F. Stone ◽  
Janette R. Thompson ◽  
Kurt A. Rosentrater ◽  
Ajay Nair
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Life Cycle Approach ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Negative Impacts

Although vegetables are important for healthy diets, there are concerns about the sustainability of food systems that provide them. For example, half of fresh-market vegetables sold in the United States (US) are produced in California, leading to negative impacts associated with transportation. In Iowa, the focus of this study, 90% of food is imported from outside the state. Previous life cycle assessment (LCA) studies indicate that food consumption patterns affect global warming potential (GWP), with animal products having more negative impacts than vegetables. However, studies focused on how GWP, energy, and water use vary between food systems and vegetable types are less common. The purpose of this study was to examine these environmental impacts to inform decisions to buy locally or grow vegetables in the Midwest. We used a life cycle approach to examine three food systems (large-, mid-, and small-scale) and 18 vegetables commonly grown in/near Des Moines, Iowa. We found differences in GWP, energy, and water use (p ≤ 0.001 for each) for the three food systems with the large-scale scenario producing more emissions. There were also differences among vegetables, with the highest GWP for romaine lettuce (1.92 CO2eq/kg vegetable) approximately three times that of leaf lettuce (0.65 CO2eq/kg vegetable) at the large scale. Hotspots and tradeoffs between GWP, energy, and water use were also identified and could inform vegetable production/consumption based on carbon and water use footprints for the US Midwest.

scholarly journals Insights on the assembly rules of a continent-wide multilayer network

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. R. Mello ◽  
Gabriel M. Felix ◽  
Rafael B. P. Pinheiro ◽  
Renata L. Muylaert ◽  
Cullen Geiselman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Assembly Rules ◽  
Multilayer Network ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Nested Structure ◽  
Shed Light

Introductory paragraphHow are ecological systems assembled? Here, we aim to contribute to answering this question by harnessing the framework of a novel integrative hypothesis. We shed light on the assembly rules of a multilayer network formed by frugivory and nectarivory interactions between bats and plants in the Neotropics. Our results suggest that, at a large scale, phylogenetic trade-offs separate species into different layers and modules. At an intermediate scale, the modules are also shaped by geographic trade-offs. And at a small scale, the network shifts to a nested structure within its modules, probably as a consequence of resource breadth processes. Finally, once the topology of the network is shaped, morphological traits related to consuming fruits or nectar determine which species are central or peripheral. Our results help understand how different processes contribute to the assemblage of ecological systems at different scales, resulting in a compound topology.

Winter Wheat Water Use Efficiency in Different Scales

2011 ◽  
Vol 90-93 ◽  
pp. 2644-2648
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jin Zhong Yang ◽  
Fu Hai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Up Scaling

That there existed time and spatial variation for winter wheat water use efficiency (WUE) in different scales in irrigation area could be concluded by studying winter wheat WUE in small scale, middle scale and large scale in irrigation area in 2004~2006 in this paper. It indicated that winter wheat WUE were much more different in the small, the middle and the large scales in different years, which were 1.61kg/m3, 1.30kg/m3 and 0.88kg/m3, respectively. With up scaling, winter wheat WUE was declining in 2004, while increased firstly and then declined in 2005 ~2006.

scholarly journals Intraspecific Competitive Interactions Rapidly Evolve Via Spontaneous Mutations

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Nottebrock ◽  
Mao-Lun Weng ◽  
Matthew T. Rutter ◽  
Charles B. Fenster
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Population And Community Dynamics ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Using a mechanistic eco-evolutionary trait-based neighborhood-model, we quantify the impact of mutations on intraspecific spatial interactions to better understand mechanisms underlying the maintenance of genetic variation and the potential effects of these evolved interactions on the population dynamics of Arabidopsis thaliana. We use 100 twenty-fifth generation mutation accumulation (MA) lines (genotypes) derived from one founder genotype to study mutational effects on neighbor responses in a field experiment. We created individual-based maps (15,000 individuals), including phenotypic variation, to quantify mutational effects within genotypes versus between genotypes on reproduction and survival. At small-scale (within 80 cm of the focal plant), survival is enhanced but seed-set is decreased when a genotype is surrounded by different genotypes. At large-scale (within 200 cm of the focal plant), seed set is facilitated by different genotypes while the same genotype has either no effect or negative effects. The direction of the interactions among MA lines suggests that at small scale these interactions may contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation and at large scale contribute to the survival of the population. This may suggest, that, mutations potentially have immediate effects on population and community dynamics by influencing the outcome of competitive and faciliatory interactions among conspecifics.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation of Morphological Traits and Transpiration in an Apple Core Collection under Well-Watered Conditions: Towards the Identification of Morphotypes with High Water Use Efficiency

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e0145540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Lopez ◽  
Benoît Pallas ◽  
Sébastien Martinez ◽  
Pierre-Éric Lauri ◽  
Jean-Luc Regnard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
High Water ◽  
Use Efficiency

Manipulating livestock grazing to enhance native plant diversity and cover in native grasslands

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Mavromihalis ◽  
J. Dorrough ◽  
S. G. Clark ◽  
V. Turner ◽  
C. Moxham
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Native Plant Diversity

Temperate perennial grasslands globally have been subject to extensive biodiversity loss. Identifying livestock grazing regimes that maintain and enhance the diversity and cover of native plant species in these ecosystems remains a key challenge. The responses of vegetation to different sheep grazing regimes were assessed over 3 years in grasslands of south-eastern Australia. An open communal experimental design was used to assess the effects of varying season and duration of exclusion of grazing by sheep, replicated at three locations. Manipulation of season and duration of exclusion of grazing led to few major changes in the cover of native perennial grasses or forbs, although seasonal variation was considerable. Exclusion of grazing in the spring did increase the likelihood of occurrence of grazing-sensitive native forb species but also lead to an increase in the cover of exotic annual species. However, cover of exotic annual species tended to decline with increasing duration of exclusion, while the abundance of native, grazing-sensitive forbs and the cover of perennial grasses increased. Small-scale richness of native perennial forb species increased with a 3-month period of exclusion of grazing, but declined with year-round exclusion of sheep. Total species richness also declined in response to year-round exclusion of sheep and rates of decline were correlated with the rate at which herbage mass accumulated. While strategic grazing did not result in major vegetation changes in the short term, it is suggested that some grazing exclusion may enhance the survival of infrequent species most sensitive to sheep grazing. Caution, however, should be taken when grazing regimes implemented benefit both desirable (native forbs) and undesirable (exotic annuals) species. Having a mosaic of flexible grazing management regimes across the landscape is likely to be beneficial for native plant diversity.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

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