scholarly journals Learning of distant state predictions by the orbitofrontal cortex in humans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Elliott Wimmer ◽  
Christian Büchel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Important Region ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
Directed Learning ◽  
Long Timescales ◽  
The Brain

AbstractRepresentations of our future environment are essential for planning and decision making. Previous research in humans has demonstrated that the hippocampus is a critical region for forming and retrieving associations, while the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is an important region for representing information about recent states. However, it is not clear how the brain acquires predictive representations during goal-directed learning. Here, we show using fMRI that while participants learned to find rewards in multiple different Y-maze environments, hippocampal activity was highest during initial exposure and then decayed across the remaining repetitions of each maze, consistent with a role in rapid encoding. Importantly, multivariate patterns in the OFC-VPFC came to represent predictive information about upcoming states approximately 30 seconds in the future. Our findings provide a mechanism by which the brain can build models of the world that span long-timescales to make predictions.

scholarly journals Partially dissociable roles of OFC and ACC in stimulus-guided and action-guided decision making

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 1717-1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Khani
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Lesion Studies ◽  
The Brain

Recently, the functional specialization of prefrontal areas of the brain, and, specifically, the functional dissociation of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), during decision making have become a particular focus of research. A number of neuropsychological and lesion studies have shown that the OFC and ACC have dissociable functions in various dimensions of decision making, which are supported by their different anatomical connections. A recent single-neuron study, however, described a more complex picture of the functional dissociation between these two frontal regions during decision making. Here, I discuss the results of that study and consider alternative interpretations in connection with other findings.

Relational Dynamics

2017 ◽  
pp. 128-151
Author(s):  
David Stefan Bathory
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Intergenerational Effects ◽  
Relational Dynamics ◽  
Mass Trauma ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
The Brain

The effects of global warming are becoming apparent through- out the world. Europe has begun to experience more severe winters and increased rain (Steffen, 2011). Massive flooding in South Eastern Europe has devastated communities and repeatedly strains the economy of these regions resulting in mass trauma to the residents of multiple countries (Sito-Sucic & Djurica, 2014). Intergenerational effects of trauma (Bathory & Celik, 2014; Kaitz, Levy, Ebstein, Faraone, & Mankuta, 2009) have been noted to be an increasing world-wide concern. These traumatic effects are not only psychologically based but result in structural and functional changes within the brain and body (D. Bathory, 2012; D. S. Bathory, 2013a, 2013b; van der Kolk, Roth, Pelcovitz, Sunday, & Spinazzola, 2005). This chapter explores the application of decision making and Relational Dynamics to mass victims of floods by creating healing sites of sustainable energy and rural tourism to assist mass victims of natural disaster flooding.

scholarly journals Neural Representation of Costs and Rewards in Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1096
Author(s):  
Yixuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
The Brain

Decision making is crucial for animal survival because the choices they make based on their current situation could influence their future rewards and could have potential costs. This review summarises recent developments in decision making, discusses how rewards and costs could be encoded in the brain, and how different options are compared such that the most optimal one is chosen. The reward and cost are mainly encoded by the forebrain structures (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex), and their value is updated through learning. The recent development on dopamine and the lateral habenula’s role in reporting prediction errors and instructing learning will be emphasised. The importance of dopamine in powering the choice and accounting for the internal state will also be discussed. While the orbitofrontal cortex is the place where the state values are stored, the anterior cingulate cortex is more important when the environment is volatile. All of these structures compare different attributes of the task simultaneously, and the local competition of different neuronal networks allows for the selection of the most appropriate one. Therefore, the total value of the task is not encoded as a scalar quantity in the brain but, instead, as an emergent phenomenon, arising from the computation at different brain regions.

Perception from Action

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-82
Author(s):  
György Buzsáki
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Corollary Discharge ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The outside-in framework inevitably poses the question: What comes between perception and action? The homunculus with its decision-making power produces unavoidable logical consequences from the separation of perception from action. I promote the alternative view that things and events in the world can acquire meaning only through brain-initiated actions. In this process, the brain builds a simplified, customized model of the world by encoding the relationships of events to each other. I introduce the concept of “corollary discharge,” the main physiological mechanism that grounds the sensory input to make it an experience. This is a comparator mechanism that allows the brain to examine the relationship between a true change in the sensory input and a change due to self-initiated movement of the sensors.

scholarly journals Sequential replay of nonspatial task states in the human hippocampus

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 364 (6447) ◽  
pp. eaaw5181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas W. Schuck ◽  
Yael Niv
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Sequential Structure ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Task Representations ◽  
The Brain

Sequential neural activity patterns related to spatial experiences are “replayed” in the hippocampus of rodents during rest. We investigated whether replay of nonspatial sequences can be detected noninvasively in the human hippocampus. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while resting after performing a decision-making task with sequential structure. Hippocampal fMRI patterns recorded at rest reflected sequentiality of previously experienced task states, with consecutive patterns corresponding to nearby states. Hippocampal sequentiality correlated with the fidelity of task representations recorded in the orbitofrontal cortex during decision-making, which were themselves related to better task performance. Our findings suggest that hippocampal replay may be important for building representations of complex, abstract tasks elsewhere in the brain and establish feasibility of investigating fast replay signals with fMRI.

scholarly journals Any way the brain blows? The nature of decision noise in random exploration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Wang ◽  
Robert C Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
External Noise ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Adaptive Noise ◽  
The Brain

Human decision making is inherently variable. While this variability is often seen as a sign of suboptimality in human behavior, recent work suggests that randomness can actually be adaptive. An example arises when we must choose between exploring unknown options or exploiting options we know well. A little randomness in these `explore-exploit' decisions is remarkably effective as it encourages us to explore options we might otherwise ignore. Moreover, people actually use such `random exploration' in practice, increasing their behavioral variability when it is more valuable to explore. Despite this progress, the nature of adaptive `decision noise' for exploration is unknown -- specifically whether it is generated internally, from stochastic processes in the brain, or externally, from stochastic stimuli in the world. Here we show that, while both internal and external noise drive variability in behavior, the noise driving random exploration is predominantly internal. This suggests that random exploration depends on adaptive noise processes in the brain which are subject to cognitive control.

scholarly journals Decision Making byDrosophilaFlies

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Adler ◽  
Lar L. Vang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Methyl Eugenol ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Original Parent ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT“Decision making has all the secrets of everything: who we are, what we do, how we navigate the world.” “How Do I Decide? The Brain with David Eagleman”, 2015.When presented with attractant (light) together with an amount of repellent (methyl eugenol) that exceeds attractant,Drosophila melanogasterfruit flies are of course repelled, but nine mutants have now been isolated that were not repelled. Although able to respond to attractant alone and to repellent alone, these mutants fail to make a decision when the two are together during the first two months of the study. They are considered defective in a decision-making mechanism. The defect occurs at 34°C but not at room temperature, so these are conditional mutants. Efforts at genetic mapping have been made. Our aim is to discover how decision making gets accomplished and how this results in a behavioral response. We indicate that there is a mechanistic relationship between decision making and the central complex inDrosophilaand between decision making and the prefrontal cortex in humans and other vertebrates.Over a period of six months these mutants changed into ones that are attracted when presented with attractant together with what was overpowering repellent before. Nearly full attraction was achieved at fifteen to thirty days. With attractant alone these mutants were attracted like the original parent and with repellents alone they were repelled like the original parent. The mutants have been genetically mapped.

Medical Diagnosis from a Clinician’s Point of View

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
F. T. De Dombal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
The World

This paper discusses medical diagnosis from the clinicians point of view. The aim of the paper is to identify areas where computer science and information science may be of help to the practising clinician. Collection of data, analysis, and decision-making are discussed in turn. Finally, some specific recommendations are made for further joint research on the basis of experience around the world to date.

Pelvic schwannoma

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-86
Author(s):  
Sergei P. Sinchikhin ◽  
Sarkis G. Magakyan ◽  
Oganes G. Magakyan
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Nerve ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Surgical Volume ◽  
The World ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Relevance.A neoplasm originated from the myelonic sheath of the nerve trunk is called neurinoma or neurilemmoma, neurinoma, schwannoglioma, schwannoma. This tumor can cause compression and dysfunction of adjacent tissues and organs. The most common are the auditory nerve neurinomas (1 case per 100 000 population per year), the brain and spinal cord neurinomas are rare. In the world literature, there is no information on the occurrences of this tumor in the pelvic region. Description.Presented below is a clinical observation of a 30-year-old patient who was scheduled for myomectomy. During laparoscopy, an unusual tumor of the small pelvis was found and radically removed. A morphological study allowed to identify the remote neoplasm as a neuroma. Conclusion.The presented practical case shows that any tumor can hide under a clinical mask of another disease. The qualification of the doctor performing laparoscopic myomectomy should be sufficient to carry out, if necessary, another surgical volume.

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