scholarly journals The jellyfish genome sheds light on the early evolution of active predation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hak-Min Kim ◽  
Jessica A. Weber ◽  
Nayoung Lee ◽  
Seung Gu Park ◽  
Yun Sung Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Codon Bias ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pulsed Jet ◽  
Ancient Lineage ◽  
Morphological And Physiological Traits ◽  
Neurotransmitter Genes ◽  
Myosin Type Ii ◽  
Contraction And Expansion ◽  
Key Innovations

AbstractBackgroundUnique among cnidarians, jellyfish have remarkable morphological and biochemical innovations that allow them to actively hunt in the water column. One of the first animals to become free-swimming, jellyfish employ pulsed jet propulsion and venomous tentacles to capture prey.ResultsTo understand these key innovations, we sequenced the genome of the giant Nomura’s jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai), the transcriptomes of its bell and tentacles, and transcriptomes across tissues and developmental stages of the Sanderia malayensis jellyfish. Analyses of Nemopilema and other cnidarian genomes revealed adaptations associated with swimming, marked by codon bias in muscle contraction and expansion of neurotransmitter genes, along with expanded Myosin type II family and venom domains; possibly contributing to jellyfish mobility and active predation. We also identified gene family expansions of Wnt and posterior Hox genes, and discovered the important role of retinoic acid signaling in this ancient lineage of metazoans, which together may be related to the unique jellyfish body plan (medusa formation).ConclusionsTaken together, the jellyfish genome and transcriptomes genetically confirm their unique morphological and physiological traits that have combined to make these animals one of the world’s earliest and most successful multi-cellular predators.

scholarly journals Crayfish hemocytes develop along the granular cell lineage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Li ◽  
Zaichao Zheng ◽  
Hongyu Li ◽  
Rongrong Fu ◽  
Limei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Granular Cell ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Hematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractDespite the central role of hemocytes in crustacean immunity, the process of hemocyte differentiation and maturation remains unclear. In some decapods, it has been proposed that the two main types of hemocytes, granular cells (GCs) and semigranular cells (SGCs), differentiate along separate lineages. However, our current findings challenge this model. By tracking newly produced hemocytes and transplanted cells, we demonstrate that almost all the circulating hemocytes of crayfish belong to the GC lineage. SGCs and GCs may represent hemocytes of different developmental stages rather than two types of fully differentiated cells. Hemocyte precursors produced by progenitor cells differentiate in the hematopoietic tissue (HPT) for 3 ~ 4 days. Immature hemocytes are released from HPT in the form of SGCs and take 1 ~ 3 months to mature in the circulation. GCs represent the terminal stage of development. They can survive for as long as 2 months. The changes in the expression pattern of marker genes during GC differentiation support our conclusions. Further analysis of hemocyte phagocytosis indicates the existence of functionally different subpopulations. These findings may reshape our understanding of crustacean hematopoiesis and may lead to reconsideration of the roles and relationship of circulating hemocytes.

scholarly journals Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance, Gametogenesis and Germline Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millissia Ben Maamar ◽  
Eric E Nilsson ◽  
Michael K Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Biological System ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transgenerational Inheritance ◽  
Germline Development ◽  
Current Review

Abstract One of the most important developing cell types in any biological system is the gamete (sperm and egg). The transmission of phenotypes and optimally adapted physiology to subsequent generations is in large part controlled by gametogenesis. In contrast to genetics, the environment actively regulates epigenetics to impact the physiology and phenotype of cellular and biological systems. The integration of epigenetics and genetics is critical for all developmental biology systems at the cellular and organism level. The current review is focused on the role of epigenetics during gametogenesis for both the spermatogenesis system in the male and oogenesis system in the female. The developmental stages from the initial primordial germ cell through gametogenesis to the mature sperm and egg are presented. How environmental factors can influence the epigenetics of gametogenesis to impact the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of phenotypic and physiological change in subsequent generations is reviewed.

Improving Juvenile Justice for Females: A Statewide Assessment in California

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Bloom ◽  
Barbara Owen ◽  
Elizabeth Piper Deschenes ◽  
Jill Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Specific Policy ◽  
Statewide Assessment ◽  
Female Adolescence ◽  
Staffing And Training ◽  
Substance Abuse Education ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
And Training

This article reports findings from a survey of officials from various California state agencies and a series of interviews and focus groups with female youth and professionals serving this population. The study examined types of services provided, program barriers, and facilitation of change. The findings were used to make gender-specific policy and program recommendations. The authors found that meeting the needs of girls and young women requires specialized staffing and training, particularly in terms of relationship and communication skills, gender differences in delinquency, substance abuse education, the role of abuse, developmental stages of female adolescence, and available programs and appropriate placements and limitations. Effective programming for girls and women should be shaped by and tailored to their real-world situations and problems. In order to do this, a theoretical approach to treatment that is gender-sensitive and that addresses the realities of girls' lives must be developed.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Drosophila protein arginine methyltransferases DART1 and DART4

2004 ◽  
Vol 379 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Chloé BOULANGER ◽  
Tina Branscombe MIRANDA ◽  
Steven CLARKE ◽  
Marco di FRUSCIO ◽  
Beat SUTER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Binding ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Genetic System ◽  
Arginine Methylation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Protein Arginine Methyltransferases ◽  
Arginine Residues ◽  
Drosophila Protein

The role of arginine methylation in Drosophila melanogaster is unknown. We identified a family of nine PRMTs (protein arginine methyltransferases) by sequence homology with mammalian arginine methyltransferases, which we have named DART1 to DART9 (Drosophilaarginine methyltransferases 1–9). In keeping with the mammalian PRMT nomenclature, DART1, DART4, DART5 and DART7 are the putative homologues of PRMT1, PRMT4, PRMT5 and PRMT7. Other DART family members have a closer resemblance to PRMT1, but do not have identifiable homologues. All nine genes are expressed in Drosophila at various developmental stages. DART1 and DART4 have arginine methyltransferase activity towards substrates, including histones and RNA-binding proteins. Amino acid analysis of the methylated arginine residues confirmed that both DART1 and DART4 catalyse the formation of asymmetrical dimethylated arginine residues and they are type I arginine methyltransferases. The presence of PRMTs in D. melanogaster suggest that flies are a suitable genetic system to study arginine methylation.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Changes in the Regulation of Nicotiana tabacum Response to Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection and Symptom Recovery through Single-Base Resolution Methylomes

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenguang Wang ◽  
Chaonan Wang ◽  
Wenjie Xu ◽  
Jingze Zou ◽  
Yanhong Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Reduced Representation ◽  
Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing ◽  
Symptom Recovery

Plants have evolved multiple mechanisms to respond to viral infection. These responses have been studied in detail at the level of host immune response and antiviral RNA silencing (RNAi). However, the possibility of epigenetic reprogramming has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we identified the role of DNA methylation during viral infection and performed reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) on tissues of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-infected Nicotiana tabacum at various developmental stages. Differential methylated regions are enriched with CHH sequence contexts, 80% of which are located on the gene body to regulate gene expression in a temporal style. The methylated genes depressed by methyltransferase inhibition largely overlapped with methylated genes in response to viral invasion. Activation in the argonaute protein and depression in methyl donor synthase revealed the important role of dynamic methylation changes in modulating viral clearance and resistance signaling. Methylation-expression relationships were found to be required for the immune response and cellular components are necessary for the proper defense response to infection and symptom recovery.

scholarly journals Geomorphometry: Today and Tomorrow

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Content Knowledge ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Terrain Modeling ◽  
Actionable Knowledge ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Current State ◽  
Digital Terrain Modeling ◽  
Key Innovations

This paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art in geomorphometry and describes the innovations that are close at hand and will be required to push digital terrain modeling forward in the future. These innovations will draw on concepts and methods from computer science and the spatial sciences and require greater collaboration to produce “actionable” knowledge and outcomes. The key innovations include rediscovering and using what we already know, developing new digital terrain modeling methods, clarifying and strengthening the role of theory, developing high-fidelity DEMs, developing and embracing new visualization methods, adopting new computational approaches, and making better use of provenance, credibility, and application-content knowledge.

Colleters in the vegetative axis of Aechmea blanchetiana (Bromeliaceae): anatomical, ultrastructural and functional aspects

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Ballego-Campos ◽  
Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marginal Cells ◽  
First Time

Colleters are common among eudicotyledons, but few records exist for monocotyledons and other groups of plants. For Bromeliaceae, mucilage secretions that protect the young portions of the plant have been observed only in the reproductive axis, and little is known about the secretory systems behind this or even other kind of secretions in the family. We aimed to describe, for the first time, the occurrence of colleters associated with the vegetative shoot of Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker) L.B.Sm., and elucidate aspects of their structure, ultrastructure and secretory activity. Samples of various portions of the stem axis were prepared according to standard methods for light and electron microscopy. Colleters were found compressed in the axillary portion of leaves and in all leaf developmental stages. Secretory activity, however, was found to be restricted to young and unexpanded leaves. The colleters displayed a flattened hand-like shape formed by a multiseriate stalk and an expanded secretory portion bearing elongated marginal cells. Ultrastructural data confirmed that the secretory role of the colleters is consistent with mucilaginous secretion. The functional roles of the colleters are discussed with regard to environmental context and intrinsic features of the plant, such as the presence of a water-impounding tank.

Significance of the Non-Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Aspergillus oryzae Grown on Different Carbon Sources

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Peleato ◽  
Teresa Muiño-Blanco ◽  
José Alvaro Cebrian Pérez ◽  
Manuel José López-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Pentose Pathway ◽  
Hexose Phosphates

Specific enzyme activities of the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in Aspergillus oryzae mycelia grown on different carbon sources were determined. Mycelia grown on glucose, mannitol and ribose show the highest specific activities, ribose 5-phosphate isomerase being specially very enhanced. Moreover, transketolase, transaldolase, ribose 5-phosphate isomerase and ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase were determined in different developmental stages of mycelia grown on glucose, mannitol and ribose. The non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is more active during conidiogenesis, except for ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase, suggesting a fundamental role of this pathway during that stage to supply pentoses for nucleic acids biosynthesis. A general decrease of the enzyme activities was found in sporulated mycelia. Arabinose 5-phosphate was tested as metabolite of the pentose pathway. This pentose phosphate was not converted into hexose phosphates or triose phosphates and inhibits significantly the ribose 5-phosphate utilization, being therefore unappropriate to support the Aspergillus oryzae growth.

scholarly journals Morphological stasis in the first myxomycete from the Mesozoic, and the likely role of cryptobiosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouko Rikkinen ◽  
David A. Grimaldi ◽  
Alexander R. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Ecological Adaptations ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Morphological Stasis ◽  
Ancient Lineage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spore Mass

AbstractMyxomycetes constitute a group within the Amoebozoa well known for their motile plasmodia and morphologically complex fruiting bodies. One obstacle hindering studies of myxomycete evolution is that their fossils are exceedingly rare, so evolutionary analyses of this supposedly ancient lineage of amoebozoans are restricted to extant taxa. Molecular data have significantly advanced myxomycete systematics, but the evolutionary history of individual lineages and their ecological adaptations remain unknown. Here, we report exquisitely preserved myxomycete sporocarps in amber from Myanmar, ca. 100 million years old, one of the few fossil myxomycetes, and the only definitive Mesozoic one. Six densely-arranged stalked sporocarps were engulfed in tree resin while young, with almost the entire spore mass still inside the sporotheca. All morphological features are indistinguishable from those of the modern, cosmopolitan genus Stemonitis, demonstrating that sporocarp morphology has been static since at least the mid-Cretaceous. The ability of myxomycetes to develop into dormant stages, which can last years, may account for the phenotypic stasis between living Stemonitis species and this fossil one, similar to the situation found in other organisms that have cryptobiosis. We also interpret Stemonitis morphological stasis as evidence of strong environmental selection favouring the maintenance of adaptations that promote wind dispersal.

scholarly journals Nitric Oxide Overproduction by cue1 Mutants Differs on Developmental Stages and Growth Conditions

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Lechón ◽  
Luis Sanz ◽  
Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente ◽  
Oscar Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
No Production

The cue1 nitric oxide (NO) overproducer mutants are impaired in a plastid phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator, mainly expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. cue1 mutants present an increased content of arginine, a precursor of NO in oxidative synthesis processes. However, the pathways of plant NO biosynthesis and signaling have not yet been fully characterized, and the role of CUE1 in these processes is not clear. Here, in an attempt to advance our knowledge regarding NO homeostasis, we performed a deep characterization of the NO production of four different cue1 alleles (cue1-1, cue1-5, cue1-6 and nox1) during seed germination, primary root elongation, and salt stress resistance. Furthermore, we analyzed the production of NO in different carbon sources to improve our understanding of the interplay between carbon metabolism and NO homeostasis. After in vivo NO imaging and spectrofluorometric quantification of the endogenous NO levels of cue1 mutants, we demonstrate that CUE1 does not directly contribute to the rapid NO synthesis during seed imbibition. Although cue1 mutants do not overproduce NO during germination and early plant development, they are able to accumulate NO after the seedling is completely established. Thus, CUE1 regulates NO homeostasis during post-germinative growth to modulate root development in response to carbon metabolism, as different sugars modify root elongation and meristem organization in cue1 mutants. Therefore, cue1 mutants are a useful tool to study the physiological effects of NO in post-germinative growth.

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