scholarly journals An Analysis of Decision Under Risk in Rats

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Constantinople ◽  
Alex T. Piet ◽  
Carlos D. Brody
Keyword(s):  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Reference Dependence ◽  
Decision Making Under Risk ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Decision Under Risk ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
Behavioral Economic Theory

AbstractProspect Theory is the predominant behavioral economic theory describing decision-making under risk. It accounts for near universal aspects of human choice behavior whose prevalence may reflect fundamental neural mechanisms. We now apply Prospect Theory’s framework to rodents, using a task in which rats chose between guaranteed and probabilistic rewards. Like humans, rats distorted probabilities and showed diminishing marginal sensitivity, in which they were less sensitive to differences in larger rewards. They exhibited reference dependence, in which the valence of outcomes (gain or loss) was determined by an internal reference point reflecting reward history. The similarities between rats and humans suggest conserved neural substrates, and enable application of powerful molecular/circuit tools to study mechanisms of psychological phenomena from behavioral economics.

Osmosensitivity of rat third ventricle and interactions with angiotensin

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. R75-R82 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Buggy ◽  
W. E. Hoffman ◽  
M. I. Phillips ◽  
A. E. Fisher ◽  
A. K. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Osmotic Stimulation ◽  
Behavioral Dissociation ◽  
Drinking Fluid

Injections of hyperosmotic solutions (1- to 5-microliter injections of NaCl or sucrose solutions ranging in osmolarity from 0.34 to 0.90 osmol/l) into the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) of rats resulted in short latency drinking antidiuretic, and pressor responses. AV3V injections or infusions of combined angiotensin-hyperosmotic NaCl solution did not result in drinking greater than the sum of drinking to angiotensin and hyperosmotic NaCl separately administered. Differences in water versus saline drinking fluid preferences provided a behavioral dissociation of angiotensin and hyperosmotic sensitive neural mechanisms. Comparison of AV3V and lateral preoptic injection sites provided an additional separation since angiotensin was equally effective at both sites whereas osmotic stimulation was more effective at the AV3V site. AV3V lesions have previously been reported to abolish drinking, antidiuretic, and pressor responses to angiotensin and hyperosmotic stimulation. The data reported here provide additional evidence that angiotensin and hyperosmotic stimuli may both act on tissue surrounding AV3V but suggest that the neural substrates for these stimuli are not identical.

scholarly journals An Experimental Swallow Evoked Potential Protocol to Investigate the Neural Substrates of Swallowing

OTO Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 2473974X2091354
Author(s):  
Ashley Kloepper ◽  
Joseph Arnold ◽  
Alexis Ruffolo ◽  
Brian Kinealy ◽  
Chandler Haxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Sensory Evoked Potential ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Sensory Evoked

Advancement in dysphagia intervention is hindered by our lack of understanding of the neural mechanisms of swallowing in health and disease. Evoking and understanding neural activity in response to normal and disordered swallowing is essential to bridge this knowledge gap. Building on sensory evoked potential methodology, we developed a minimally invasive approach to generate swallow evoked potentials (SwEPs) in response to repetitive swallowing induced by citric acid stimulation of the oropharynx in lightly anesthetized healthy adult rats. The SwEP waveform consisted of 8 replicable peaks within 10 milliseconds immediately preceding the onset of electromyographic swallowing activity. Methodology refinement is underway with healthy rats to establish normative SwEP waveform morphology before proceeding to models of advanced aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Ultimately, we envision that this experimental protocol may unmask the pathologic neural substrates contributing to dysphagia to accelerate the discovery of targeted therapeutics.

scholarly journals Risk as Challenge: A Dual System Stochastic Model for Binary Choice Behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Shye ◽  
Ido Haber
Keyword(s):  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Reflection Effect ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Decision Under Risk ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Made In

Challenge Theory (CT) is a new approach to decision under risk that departs significantly from expected utility, and is based firmly on psychological, rather than economic, assumptions. The paper demonstrates that a purely cognitive-psychological paradigm for decision under risk can yield excellent predictions, comparable to those attained by more complex economic or psychological models that remain attached to conventional economic constructs and assumptions. The study presents a new model for predicting the popularity of choices made in binary risk problems.A CT-based regression model is tested on data gathered from 126 respondents who indicated their preferences with respect to 44 choice problems. Results support CT's central hypothesis, strongly associating between the Challenge Index (CI) attributable to every binary risk problem, and the observed popularity of the bold prospect in that problem (with r=-0.92 and r=-0.93 for gains and for losses, respectively). The novelty of the CT perspective as a new paradigm is illuminated by its simple, single-index (CI) representation of psychological effects proposed by Prospect Theory for describing choice behavior (certainty effect, reflection effect, overweighting small probabilities and loss aversion).

scholarly journals Neuronal origins of biases in economic choices under sequential offers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weikang Shi ◽  
Sebastien Ballesta ◽  
Camillo Padoa-Schioppa
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Choice Accuracy ◽  
Bias Analysis ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Economic Choices ◽  
Shed Light

Economic choices are characterized by a variety of biases. Understanding their origins is a long-term goal for neuroeconomics, but progress on this front has been limited. Here we examined choice biases observed when two goods are offered sequentially. In the experiments, rhesus monkeys chose between different juices offered simultaneously or in sequence. Choices under sequential offers were less accurate (higher variability). They were also biased in favor of the second offer (order bias) and in favor of the preferred juice (preference bias). Analysis of neuronal activity recorded in orbitofrontal cortex revealed that these phenomena emerged at different computational stages. The lower choice accuracy reflected weaker offer value signals (valuation stage), the order bias emerged during value comparison (decision stage), and the preference bias emerged late in the trial (post-comparison). Our approach, leveraging recent notions on the neural mechanisms of economic decisions, may shed light on other aspects of choice behavior.

scholarly journals Imprecise Oracles Impose Limits to Predictability in Supervised Learning (Extended Abstract)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali Sifar ◽  
Nisheeth Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Supervised Learning ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Choice Models ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
Data Record ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Better Than

Supervised learning operates on the premise that labels unambiguously represent ground truth. This premise is reasonable in domains wherein a high degree of consensus is easily possible for any given data record, e.g. in agreeing on whether an image contains an elephant or not. However, there are several domains wherein people disagree with each other on the appropriate label to assign to a record, e.g. whether a tweet is toxic. We argue that data labeling must be understood as a process with some degree of domain-dependent noise and that any claims of predictive prowess must be sensitive to the degree of this noise. We present a method for quantifying labeling noise in a particular domain wherein people are seen to disagree with their own past selves on the appropriate label to assign to a record: choices under prospect uncertainty. Our results indicate that `state-of-the-art' choice models of decisions from description, by failing to consider the intrinsic variability of human choice behavior, find themselves in the odd position of predicting humans' choices better than the same humans' own previous choices for the same problem. We conclude with observations on how the predicament we empirically demonstrate in our work could be handled in the practice of supervised learning.

scholarly journals Developing treatments for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: The challenge of translation

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Young ◽  
MA Geyer
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Clinical Testing ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Efficacious Treatment ◽  
Novel Targets

Schizophrenia is a life-long debilitating mental disorder affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. The serendipitous discovery of antipsychotics focused pharmaceutical research on developing a better antipsychotic. Our understanding of the disorder has advanced however, with the knowledge that cognitive enhancers are required for patients in order to improve their everyday lives. While antipsychotics treat psychosis, they do not enhance cognition and hence are not antischizophrenics. Developing pro-cognitive therapeutics has been extremely difficult, however, especially when no approved treatment exists. In lieu of stumbling on an efficacious treatment, developing targeted compounds can be facilitated by understanding the neural mechanisms underlying altered cognitive functioning in patients. Equally importantly, these cognitive domains will need to be measured similarly in animals and humans so that novel targets can be tested prior to conducting expensive clinical trials. To date, the limited similarity of testing across species has resulted in a translational bottleneck. In this review, we emphasize that schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by abnormal cognitive behavior. Quantifying these abnormalities using tasks having cross-species validity would enable the quantification of comparable processes in rodents. This approach would increase the likelihood that the neural substrates underlying relevant behaviors will be conserved across species. Hence, we detail cross-species tasks which can be used to test the effects of manipulations relevant to schizophrenia and putative therapeutics. Such tasks offer the hope of providing a bridge between non-clinical and clinical testing that will eventually lead to treatments developed specifically for patients with deficient cognition.

Models of Decision Making under Risk and Uncertainty

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Pleskac ◽  
Adele Diederich ◽  
Thomas S. Wallsten
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Decision Making Under Risk ◽  
Decision Field Theory ◽  
Actual Choice ◽  
Human Decision

Formal models have a long and important history in the study of human decision-making. They have served as normative standards against which to compare real choices, as well as precise descriptions of actual choice behavior. This chapter begins with an overview of the historical development of decision theory and rational choice theory and then reviews how models have been used in their normative and descriptive capacities. Models covered include prospect theory, rank- and sign-dependent utility theories and their descendants, as well as cognitive models of human decision-making like Decision Field Theory and the Leaky Competing Accumulator Model, which are based on basic psychological principles rather than assumptions of rationality.

Selective Integration: An Attentional Theory of Choice Biases and Adaptive Choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 552-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Usher ◽  
Konstantinos Tsetsos ◽  
Moshe Glickman ◽  
Nick Chater
Keyword(s):  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Explicit Model ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Binary Choices ◽  
Adaptive Choice ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
Attentional Theory ◽  
Consistent Information ◽  
Selective Integration

Human choice behavior shows a range of puzzling anomalies. Even simple binary choices are modified by accept/reject framing and by the presence of decoy options, and they can exhibit circular (i.e., intransitive) patterns of preferences. Each of these phenomena is incompatible with many standard models of choice but may provide crucial clues concerning the elementary mental processes underpinning our choices. One promising theoretical account proposes that choice-related information is selectively gathered through an attentionally limited window favoring goal-consistent information. We review research showing attentional-mediated choice biases and present a computationally explicit model—selective integration—that accounts for these biases.

scholarly journals All Competition Is Not Alike: Neural Mechanisms for Resolving Underdetermined and Prepotent Competition

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2608-2623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Snyder ◽  
Marie T. Banich ◽  
Yuko Munakata
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Response Options ◽  
The Face ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Prepotent Responses ◽  
Verb Generation

People must constantly select among potential thoughts and actions in the face of competition from (a) multiple task-relevant options (underdetermined competition) and (b) strongly dominant options that are not appropriate in the current context (prepotent competition). These types of competition are ubiquitous during language production. In this work, we investigate the neural mechanisms that allow individuals to effectively manage these cognitive control demands and to quickly choose words with few errors. Using fMRI, we directly contrast underdetermined and prepotent competition within the same task (verb generation) for the first time, allowing localization of the neural substrates supporting the resolution of these two types of competition. Using a neural network model, we investigate the possible mechanisms by which these brain regions support selection. Together, our findings demonstrate that all competition is not alike: resolving prepotent competition and resolving underdetermined competition rely on partly dissociable neural substrates and mechanisms. Specifically, activation of left ventrolateral pFC is specific to resolving underdetermined competition between multiple appropriate responses, most likely via competitive lateral inhibition. In contrast, activation of left dorsolateral pFC is sensitive to both underdetermined competition and prepotent competition from response options that are inappropriate in the current context. This region likely provides top–down support for task-relevant responses, which enables them to out-compete prepotent responses in the selection process that occurs in left ventrolateral pFC.

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