scholarly journals Mitochondria form contact sites with the nucleus to couple pro-survival retrograde response

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radha Desai ◽  
Daniel A East ◽  
Liana Hardy ◽  
James Crosby ◽  
Manuel Rigon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Mitochondrial Network ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunctions ◽  
Contact Sites ◽  
Anchoring Protein ◽  
Light Chain Enhancer ◽  
Retrograde Response

AbstractMitochondria drive cellular adaptation to stress by retro-communicating with the nucleus. This process is known as Mitochondrial Retrograde Response (MRR) and is induced by mitochondrial dysfunctions which perturb cell signalling. MRR results in the nuclear stabilization and activation of pro-survival transcription factors such as the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB). Here we demonstrate that MRR is facilitated by the formation of contact sites between mitochondria and the nucleus which establish microdomains of communication between the two organelles. The 18kD Translocator Protein (TSPO), which de-ubiquitylates and stabilizes the mitochondrial network preventing its mitophagy-mediated segregation, is required for this interaction. The tethering TSPO enacts is mediated by the complex formed with the Protein Kinase A via the A-kinase anchoring protein Acyl-CoA Binding Domain Containing 3 (ACBD3) and allows the redistribution of cholesterol which sustains the pro-survival response by blocking NF-kB de-acetylation. This work proposes a new paradigm in the mitochondrial retro-communication by revealing the existence of contact sites between mitochondrial and the nucleus and a signalling role for cholesterol.

scholarly journals Mitochondria form contact sites with the nucleus to couple prosurvival retrograde response

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (51) ◽  
pp. eabc9955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radha Desai ◽  
Daniel A. East ◽  
Liana Hardy ◽  
Danilo Faccenda ◽  
Manuel Rigon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Kappa Light Chain ◽  
Adaptation To Stress ◽  
Cellular Adaptation ◽  
Contact Sites ◽  
Anchoring Protein ◽  
Light Chain Enhancer ◽  
Kinase A ◽  
Retrograde Response

Mitochondria drive cellular adaptation to stress by retro-communicating with the nucleus. This process is known as mitochondrial retrograde response (MRR) and is induced by mitochondrial dysfunction. MRR results in the nuclear stabilization of prosurvival transcription factors such as the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Here, we demonstrate that MRR is facilitated by contact sites between mitochondria and the nucleus. The translocator protein (TSPO) by preventing the mitophagy-mediated segregation o mitochonria is required for this interaction. The complex formed by TSPO with the protein kinase A (PKA), via the A-kinase anchoring protein acyl-CoA binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3), established the tethering. The latter allows for cholesterol redistribution of cholesterol in the nucleus to sustain the prosurvival response by blocking NF-κB deacetylation. This work proposes a previously unidentified paradigm in MRR: the formation of contact sites between mitochondria and nucleus to aid communication.

Inactivation of Nf-κb Pathway by Taxifolin Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-182
Author(s):  
Chen Weiyan ◽  
Deng Wujian ◽  
Chen Songwei
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Kappa Light Chain ◽  
Cecal Ligation And Puncture ◽  
Light Chain Enhancer

Acute lung injury is a clinical syndrome consisting of a wide range of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure disorders. Sepsis is a serious complication caused by an excessive immune response to pathogen-induced infections, which has become a major predisposing factor for acute lung injury. Taxifolin is a natural flavonoid that shows diverse therapeutic benefits in inflammation- and oxidative stress-related diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of taxifolin in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. Cecal ligation and puncture-operated mice presented damaged alveolar structures, thickened alveolar walls, edematous septa, and hemorrhage compared to sham-treated controls. Cecal ligation and puncture mice also showed increased wet-to-dry (W/D) lung weight ratio and elevated total protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Taxifolin treatment protected animals against sepsis-induced pulmonary damage and edema. Septic mice presented compromised antioxidant capacity, whereas the administration of taxifolin prior to cecal ligation and puncture surgery decreased malondialdehyde concentration and enhanced the levels of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase in mice with sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Moreover, cecal ligation and puncture-operated mice showed markedly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines relative to sham-operated group, while taxifolin treatment effectively mitigated sepsis-induced inflammation in mouse lungs. Further investigation revealed that taxifolin suppressed the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway in cecal ligation and puncture-challenged mice by regulating the phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα. In conclusion, our study showed that taxifolin alleviated sepsis-induced acute lung injury via the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway, suggesting the therapeutic potential of taxifolin in the treatment sepsis-induced acute lung injury.

Επίδραση της αίμης στο φλεγμονώδες μικροπεριβάλλον των νεοπλασματικών κυττάρων

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Σοφία Γεωργίου
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Kappa Light Chain ◽  
Nuclear Factor Kappa ◽  
Light Chain Enhancer ◽  
Activated B Cells

Η αίμη (σύμπλοκο σιδήρου και πρωτοπορφυρίνης IX), επιτελεί σημαντικές ζωτικές λειτουργίες στον άνθρωπο, ως προσθετική ομάδα των αιμοπρωτεϊνών. Ωστόσο, στις αιμολυτικές παθήσεις, που αφορούν εκατομμύρια ανθρώπων παγκοσμίως, η κυτταροτοξική αίμη που απελευθερώνεται από τα καταστραμμένα RBCs επιδρά σε διάφορα όργανα. Η αίμη επάγει τον καταβολισμό της, μέσω της οξυγενάσης της αίμης-1 (HO-1), που ελέγχεται από τον NF-E2-σχετιζόμενο παράγοντα 2 (NRF2), τον κύριο μεταγραφικό παράγοντα που αποκρίνεται στο οξειδωτικό στρες. Ο ακριβής μηχανισμός με τον οποίο η αίμη σηματοδοτεί επί του NRF2 δεν είναι γνωστός. Τα Κ562, που αποτελούν ανθρώπινα πρόδρομα ερυθροκύτταρα, που αποκρίνονται στην αιμίνη (οξειδωμένη αίμη), χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ως μοντέλο για να διερευνηθεί η επαγόμενη από την αιμίνη κυτταροτοξικότητα (HIC), σε συγκεντρώσεις ≥50 μM και η ενεργοποίηση του Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)/NRF2 αντιοξειδωτικού και αντιφλεγμονώδους σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού. Η ενδοκυττάρια συσσώρευση της αιμίνης βρέθηκε να ρυθμίζει την πρόοδο από την αντιστρεπτή αναστολή της ανάπτυξης στον μη αποπτωτικό κυτταρικό θάνατο των Κ562 κυττάρων. Η αιμίνη προκάλεσε τη συσσώρευση δραστικών ριζών οξυγόνου (ROS) και ουβικουιτινυλιωμένων πρωτεϊνών, οδηγώντας σε διαταραχή της κυτταρικής πρωτεοστασίας. Παράλληλα, η αιμίνη ενεργοποίησε τον NRF2 μεταγραφικό παράγοντα, μέσω σταθεροποίησης σε πρωτεϊνικό επίπεδο και πυρηνικής μετατόπισης, ενώ δεν ενεργοποίησε το NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells)- προ-φλεγμονώδες μονοπάτι (πυρηνική μετατόπιση της p65 υπομονάδας και έκφραση κύριων προ-φλεγμονωδών γονιδίων). Η έκφραση των δύο NRF2-ρυθμιζόμενων γονίδιων, που κωδικοποιούν την λιγάση γλουταμικού-κυστεΐνης (GCLC) και τον αντι-μεταφορέα κυστίνης-γλουταμικού (xCT), ενεργοποιήθηκε σημαντικά. Μηχανιστικά, η αιμίνη σταθεροποίησε τα πρωτεϊνικά επίπεδα του NRF2, αναστέλλοντας την KEAP1-μεσολαβούμενη ουβικουιτινυλίωση του NRF2, και επάγοντας την ουβικουιτινυλίωση του KEAP1. Οι ουβικουιτινυλιωμένες πρωτεϊνικές μορφές του KEAP1, μεγάλων μοριακών μαζών, που σχηματίστηκαν στα κύτταρα που επωάσθηκαν με αιμίνη, διασπάστηκαν στο πρωτεάσωμα, ενώ ένα ποσοστό αυτών ανιχνεύτηκε και στον πυρήνα. Επιπλέον, η αιμίνη αύξησε την έκφραση των CXCL8, CXCL1 and CXCL2 μέσω της σταθεροποίησης των βραχύβιων μεταγράφων των γονιδίων αυτών. Παρά το γεγονός ότι οι θειόλες, όπως η γλουταθειόνη (GSH) είναι γνωστό ότι ανταγωνίζονται την HIC, δεν ήταν γνωστός ο μοριακός μηχανισμός. Χρησιμοποιώντας την N-ακετυλοκυστεΐνη (NAC), μία φαρμακευτική θειόλη, διαλευκάνθηκε ο μηχανισμός της προστασίας από την HIC. Το NAC ανέστειλε την ενδοκυττάρια συσσώρευση της αιμίνης και τα επαγόμενα από την αιμίνη κυτταρικά γεγονότα, αναστολή της κυτταρικής ανάπτυξης, κυτταρικό θάνατο, οξειδωτικό στρες, και συσσώρευση ουβικουιτινυλιωμένων πρωτεϊνών. Επίσης, η ενεργοποίηση του NRF2-επαγόμενου σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού και η επαγωγή του CXCL8 αναστάλθηκαν από το NAC. Με τη τεχνολογία της εν σειράς φασματομετρίας μάζας (LC-MS/MS) αποδείχθηκε για πρώτη φορά ένας ειδικός μηχανισμός που περιλάμβανε τη χημική αντίδραση μεταξύ του NAC και της αιμίνης, όπου μετά από νουκλεόφιλη προσβολή δημιουργήθηκαν ομοιοπολικά προϊόντα σύζευξης (NAC-hemin adducts). Ανάλογα, GSH-hemin adducts επίσης ανιχνεύτηκαν, υποδηλώνοντας ότι τα thiol-hemin adducts μεσολάβησαν στην αναχαίτιση της HIC και στην αναστολή της NRF2-μεσολαβούμενης απάντησης και επαγωγής των CXC χημειοκινών. Συμπερασματικά, η μελέτη αυτή απέδειξε ότι η ενεργοποίηση του KEAP1/NRF2 σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού και η επαγωγή των CXC χημειοκινών σε μετα-μεταγραφικό επίπεδο από την ελεύθερη αίμη/αιμίνη αντιπροσωπεύουν ομοιοστατικούς μηχανισμούς που ενεργοποιούνται σε παθοφυσιολογικές διαταραχές από την έκθεση στην κυτταροτοξική ελεύθερη αίμη/αιμίνη. Η ενεργοποίηση των μονοπατιών αυτών θα μπορούσε να αποτελεί πλατφόρμα για την ανάπτυξη παραγόντων/θεραπευτικών αναχαίτισης της HIC.

scholarly journals NF-κB signaling and crosstalk during carcinogenesis

4open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn L.D.M. Brücher ◽  
Florian Lang ◽  
Ijaz S. Jamall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Normal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Kappa Light Chain ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Light Chain Enhancer ◽  
Stimulation Of

Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that control the transcription of genetic information from DNA to mRNA by binding to specific DNA sequences either on their own or with other proteins as a complex. TFs thus support or suppress the recruitment of the corresponding RNA polymerase. In general, TFs are classified by structure or function. The TF, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), is expressed in all cell types and tissues. NF-κB signaling and crosstalk are involved in several steps of carcinogenesis including in sequences involving pathogenic stimulus, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, establishment of its remodeling to the precancerous niche (PCN) and transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell. Triggered by various inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB is activated along with other TFs with subsequent stimulation of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. The involvement of NF-κB in carcinogenesis provides an opportunity to develop anti-NF-κB therapies. The complexity of these interactions requires that we elucidate those aspects of NF-κB interactions that play a role in carcinogenesis, the sequence of events leading to cancer.

scholarly journals STIM2 targets Orai1/STIM1 to the AKAP79 signaling complex and confers coupling of Ca2+entry with NFAT1 activation

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (28) ◽  
pp. 16638-16648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ga-Yeon Son ◽  
Krishna Prasad Subedi ◽  
Hwei Ling Ong ◽  
Lucile Noyer ◽  
Hassan Saadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Signaling Complex ◽  
Contact Sites ◽  
Channel Function

The Orai1 channel is regulated by stromal interaction molecules STIM1 and STIM2 within endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) contact sites. Ca2+signals generated by Orai1 activate Ca2+-dependent gene expression. When compared with STIM1, STIM2 is a weak activator of Orai1, but it has been suggested to have a unique role in nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1) activation triggered by Orai1-mediated Ca2+entry. In this study, we examined the contribution of STIM2 in NFAT1 activation. We report that STIM2 recruitment of Orai1/STIM1 to ER-PM junctions in response to depletion of ER-Ca2+promotes assembly of the channel with AKAP79 to form a signaling complex that couples Orai1 channel function to the activation of NFAT1. Knockdown of STIM2 expression had relatively little effect on Orai1/STIM1 clustering or local and global [Ca2+]iincreases but significantly attenuated NFAT1 activation and assembly of Orai1 with AKAP79. STIM1ΔK, which lacks the PIP2-binding polybasic domain, was recruited to ER-PM junctions following ER-Ca2+depletion by binding to Orai1 and caused local and global [Ca2+]iincreases comparable to those induced by STIM1 activation of Orai1. However, in contrast to STIM1, STIM1ΔK induced less NFAT1 activation and attenuated the association of Orai1 with STIM2 and AKAP79. Orai1-AKAP79 interaction and NFAT1 activation were recovered by coexpressing STIM2 with STIM1ΔK. Replacing the PIP2-binding domain of STIM1 with that of STIM2 eliminated the requirement of STIM2 for NFAT1 activation. Together, these data demonstrate an important role for STIM2 in coupling Orai1-mediated Ca2+influx to NFAT1 activation.

scholarly journals Therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of quercetin in a rat model of osteoarthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 030006051987346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Jing Yin ◽  
Daohong Zhao ◽  
Chaoran Wang ◽  
Yuhao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Light Chain Enhancer ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Objective To study the therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of quercetin in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). Methods The OA rat model was established by intra-articular injection of papain. Changes in knee diameter, toe volume and histopathology were measured. Levels of interleukin (IL)-β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were assessed by ELISA. Relative expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) was evaluated by western blotting. Results Compared with rats treated with papain alone, changes in knee diameter, toe volume and Makin' s score were less apparent in OA rats treated with quercetin. Levels of serum IL-1β and TNF-α were also reduced in quercetin-treated OA rats. Expression of TLR-4 and NF-κB was significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner in quercetin-treated OA rats. Conclusion Quercetin exhibited a therapeutic effect in OA rats, which may be related to inhibition of IL-1β and TNF-α production via the TLR-4/NF-κB pathway.

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