scholarly journals Establishment and Characterization of a Multi-Purpose Large Animal Exposure Chamber for Investigating Health Effects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinze Peng ◽  
Mia R. Maltz ◽  
Jon K. Botthoff ◽  
Emma L. Aronson ◽  
Tara M. Nordgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Exposure Chamber ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Uniform Dispersion ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
Animal Exposure

Air pollution poses a significant threat to the environment and human health. Most in-vivo health studies conducted regarding air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) and gas phase pollutants, have been either through traditional medical intranasal treatment or using a tiny chamber, which limit animal activities. In this study, we designed and tested a large, whole-body, multiple animal exposure chamber with uniform dispersion and exposure stability for animal studies. The chamber simultaneously controls particle size distribution and PM mass concentration. Two different methods were used to generate aerosol suspension through either soluble material (Alternaria extract), liquid particle suspension (Nanosilica solution) or dry powder (silica powder). We demonstrate that the chamber system provides well controlled and characterized whole animal exposures, where dosage is by inhalation of particulate matter.

scholarly journals Establishment and characterization of a multi-purpose large animal exposure chamber for investigating health effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 035115
Author(s):  
Xinze Peng ◽  
Mia R. Maltz ◽  
Jon K. Botthoff ◽  
Emma L. Aronson ◽  
Tara M. Nordgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Exposure Chamber ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Animal Exposure

scholarly journals Large Animal Studies to Reduce the Foreign Body Reaction in Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Review

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Shan Yasin Mian ◽  
Jonathan Roy Honey ◽  
Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte ◽  
Damiano Giuseppe Barone
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Foreign Body Reaction ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Brain Computer Interfaces ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Electrode Insertion

Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) are reliant on the interface between electrodes and neurons to function. The foreign body reaction (FBR) that occurs in response to electrodes in the brain alters this interface and may pollute detected signals, ultimately impeding BCI function. The size of the FBR is influenced by several key factors explored in this review; namely, (a) the size of the animal tested, (b) anatomical location of the BCI, (c) the electrode morphology and coating, (d) the mechanics of electrode insertion, and (e) pharmacological modification (e.g., drug eluting electrodes). Trialing methods to reduce FBR in vivo, particularly in large models, is important to enable further translation in humans, and we systematically reviewed the literature to this effect. The OVID, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Scholar databases were searched. Compiled results were analysed qualitatively. Out of 8388 yielded articles, 13 were included for analysis, with most excluded studies experimenting on murine models. Cats, rabbits, and a variety of breeds of minipig/marmoset were trialed. On average, over 30% reduction in inflammatory cells of FBR on post mortem histology was noted across intervention groups. Similar strategies to those used in rodent models, including tip modification and flexible and sinusoidal electrode configurations, all produced good effects in histology; however, a notable absence of trials examining the effect on BCI end-function was noted. Future studies should assess whether the reduction in FBR correlates to an improvement in the functional effect of the intended BCI.

Ultrasound Imaging Characterization of Soft Tissue Dynamics of the Seated Human Body

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Yamada ◽  
Alperen Değirmenci ◽  
Robert D. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Excitation Amplitude ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Body Dynamics ◽  
Excitation Pattern

Abstract To characterize the dynamics of internal soft organs and external anatomical structures, this paper presents a system that combines medical ultrasound imaging with an optical tracker and a vertical exciter that imparts whole-body vibrations on seated subjects. The spatial and temporal accuracy of the system was validated using a phantom with calibrated internal structures, resulting in 0.224 mm maximum root-mean-square (r.m.s.) position error and 13 ms maximum synchronization error between sensors. In addition to the dynamics of the head and sternum, stomach dynamics were characterized by extracting the centroid of the stomach from the ultrasound images. The system was used to characterize the subject-specific body dynamics as well as the intrasubject variabilities caused by excitation pattern (frequency up-sweep, down-sweep, and white noise, 1–10 Hz), excitation amplitude (1 and 2 m/s2 r.m.s.), seat compliance (rigid and soft), and stomach filling (empty and 500 mL water). Human subjects experiments (n = 3) yielded preliminary results for the frequency response of the head, sternum, and stomach. The method presented here provides the first detailed in vivo characterization of internal and external human body dynamics. Tissue dynamics characterized by the system can inform design of vehicle structures and adaptive control of seat and suspension systems, as well as validate finite element models for predicting passenger comfort in the early stages of vehicle design.

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Estimate the Mass of the Pectoralis Muscle of Chickens In Vivo

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 50-50
Author(s):  
N.D. Scollan ◽  
L.J. Caston ◽  
Z. Liu ◽  
A.K. Zubair ◽  
S. Leeson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Body Images ◽  
Tissue Samples

In studies of animal growth it is often necessary to assess whole body composition or organ size prior to and during the course of a particular treatment. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) offers the possibility to achieve these measurements on the same animal and in a non-invasive fashion. The use of NMR in attaining body images, referred to as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), has developed as the imaging method of choice for humans, due to its excellent soft tissue contrast and use of nonionizing radiation. The use of NMR in animal studies has been limited, which is probably related to the availability of suitable facilities and the cost of using them. However, several research groups have applied it to determining fat and water content of tissue samples and intact animals (Mitchell et al., 1991; Scollan et al., 1993). The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of MRI to determine the size (volume) and shape of the Pectoralis muscle (Pectoralis major and minor) in broiler chickens, non-invasively and in vivo.

Comparative pulmonary toxicity of inhaled metalworking fluids in rats and mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen R Ryan ◽  
Mark F Cesta ◽  
Ronald Herbert ◽  
Amy Brix ◽  
Michelle Cora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Metalworking Fluids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are complex formulations designed for effective lubricating, cooling, and cleaning tools and parts during machining operations. Adverse health effects such as respiratory symptoms, dermatitis, and cancer have been reported in workers exposed to MWFs. Several constituents of MWFs have been implicated in toxicity and have been removed from the formulations over the years. However, animal studies with newer MWFs demonstrate that they continue to pose a health risk. This investigation examines the hypothesis that unrecognized health hazards exist in currently marketed MWF formulations that are presumed to be safe based on hazard assessments of individual ingredients. In vivo 13-week inhalation studies were designed to characterize and compare the potential toxicity of four MWFs: Trim VX, Cimstar 3800, Trim SC210, and Syntilo 1023. Male and female Wistar Han rats or Fischer 344N/Tac rats and B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to MWFs via whole-body inhalation at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/m3 for 13 weeks, after which, survival, body and organ weights, hematology and clinical chemistry, histopathology, and genotoxicity were assessed following exposure. Although high concentrations were used, survival was not affected and toxicity was primarily within the respiratory tract of male and female rats and mice. Minor variances in toxicity were attributed to differences among species as well as in the chemical components of each MWF. Pulmonary fibrosis was present only in rats and mice exposed to Trim VX. These data confirm that newer MWFs have the potential to cause respiratory toxicity in workers who are repeatedly exposed via inhalation.

In vitro/in vivo characterization of melt-molded gabapentin-loaded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) implants for sustained release in animal studies

2008 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 666-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel M. Carcaboso ◽  
Diego A. Chiappetta ◽  
Christian Höcht ◽  
Mariano G. Blake ◽  
Mariano M. Boccia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Release ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
In Vivo Characterization

scholarly journals Towards regenerating the mammalian heart: challenges in evaluating experimentally induced adult mammalian cardiomyocyte proliferation

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (9) ◽  
pp. H1045-H1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Zebrowski ◽  
Robert Becker ◽  
Felix B. Engel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulation ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Cardiomyocyte Proliferation ◽  
Mammalian Heart ◽  
Cycle Regulation

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in research aimed at regenerating the mammalian heart by promoting endogenous cardiomyocyte proliferation. Despite many encouraging successes, it remains unclear if we are any closer to achieving levels of mammalian cardiomyocyte proliferation for regeneration as seen during zebrafish regeneration. Furthermore, current cardiac regenerative approaches do not clarify whether the induced cardiomyocyte proliferation is an epiphenomena or responsible for the observed improvement in cardiac function. Moreover, due to the lack of standardized protocols to determine cardiomyocyte proliferation in vivo, it remains unclear if one mammalian regenerative factor is more effective than another. Here, we discuss current methods to identify and evaluate factors for the induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation and challenges therein. Addressing challenges in evaluating adult cardiomyocyte proliferation will assist in determining 1) which regenerative factors should be pursued in large animal studies; 2) if a particular level of cell cycle regulation presents a better therapeutic target than another (e.g., mitogenic receptors vs. cyclins); and 3) which combinatorial approaches offer the greatest likelihood of success. As more and more regenerative studies come to pass, progress will require a system that not only can evaluate efficacy in an objective manner but can also consolidate observations in a meaningful way.

Generation and characterization of airborne ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate atmospheres in a human whole-body exposure unit

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3124-3132
Author(s):  
Christian Monsé ◽  
Jürgen Bünger ◽  
Thomas Brüning ◽  
Rolf Merget
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Air Contaminants ◽  
Important Health

Exposure to air contaminants, such as chemical vapors and particulate matter, poses important health hazards at workplaces.

An efficient RF exposure system with precise whole-body average SAR determination for in vivo animal studies at 900 MHz

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2040-2049 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.Y.-S. Tay ◽  
A. Faraone ◽  
R. Cicchetti ◽  
C. Chou ◽  
Q. Balzano
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Rf Exposure

scholarly journals Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement (3R) Strategies in Preclinical Testing of Medical Devices

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria A. Hampshire ◽  
Samuel H. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Radiological Health ◽  
Animal Safety

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health (FDA/CDRH) has recently published several in vivo test guidance documents that mention refinements, reductions, or replacement animal testing strategies to facilitate the leveraging of data from large animal safety tests for conventional rodent testing. In response to the recently enacted Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act Section 907, which facilitates expedited access to novel therapies commonly described as Breakthrough Therapy Designation, FDA/CDRH has discussed efficient regulatory strategies for first-in-human investigation, including early feasibility study guidance. Large gains in humane care and translational research could also be attained by examples in FDA’s Guidance for the Use of International Organization for Standardization 10993-1, which states that large animal safety studies may be considered as replacement rodent tests if the scientific principles, methods, and end points (SPME) are considered and applied. This article discusses SPME for the replacement of conventional rodent testing by the inclusion and integration of clinical, diagnostic, and pathologic data obtained from well-designed large animal studies. The recommendations include consideration for study designs that utilize methods for an overall more comprehensive interrogation of animal systems.

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