scholarly journals Visual deprivation independent shift of ocular dominance induced by cross-modal plasticity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Teichert ◽  
Marcel Isstas ◽  
Lutz Liebmann ◽  
Christian A. Hübner ◽  
Franziska Wieske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Contralateral Eye

AbstractThere is convincing evidence that the deprivation of one sense can lead to adaptive neuronal changes in the spared primary sensory cortices. However, the repercussions of late-onset sensory deprivations on functionality of the remaining sensory cortices are poorly understood. Using repeated intrinsic signal imaging we investigated the effects of whisker or auditory deprivation (WD or AD, respectively) on responsiveness of the binocular primary visual cortex (V1) in fully adult mice. The binocular zone of mice is innervated by both eyes, with the contralateral eye always dominating V1 input over ipsilateral eye input, the normal ocular dominance (OD) ratio. Strikingly, we found that 3 days after WD or AD there was a transient shift of OD, which was mediated by a potentiation of V1 input through the ipsilateral eye. This cross-modal effect was accompanied by strengthening of V1 layer 4 synapses, required visual experience through the ipsilateral eye and was mediated by an increase of the excitation/inhibition ratio in V1. Finally, we demonstrate that both WD and AD induced a long-lasting improvement of visual performance. Our data provide evidence that the deprivation of a non-visual sensory modality cross-modally induces experience dependent V1 plasticity and improves visual behavior, even in adult mice.

scholarly journals Cross-modal restoration of juvenile-like ocular dominance plasticity after increasing GABAergic inhibition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Teichert ◽  
Marcel Isstas ◽  
Franziska Wieske ◽  
Christine Winter ◽  
Jürgen Bolz
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Gabaergic Inhibition ◽  
Ocular Dominance Plasticity ◽  
Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Contralateral Eye

AbstractIn juvenile and “young adult” mice monocular deprivation (MD) shifts the ocular dominance (OD) of binocular neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) away from the deprived eye. However, OD plasticity is completely absent in mice older than 110 days, but can be reactivated by treatments which decrease GABA levels in V1. Typically, these OD shifts can be prevented by increasing GABAergic transmission with diazepam. We could recently demonstrate that both bilateral whisker and auditory deprivation (WD, AD), can also restore OD plasticity in mice older than 110 days, since MD for 7 days in WD mice caused a potentiation of V1 input through the ipsilateral (open) eye, the characteristic feature of OD plasticity of “young adult” mice. Here we examined whether WD for 7 days also decreases GABA levels. For this, we performed post mortem HPLC analysis of V1 tissue. Indeed, we found that WD significantly decreased GABA levels in V1. Surprisingly, enhancing GABAergic inhibition by diazepam did not abolish OD shifts in WD mice, as revealed by repeated intrinsic signal imaging. On the contrary, this treatment led to a depression of V1 input through the previously closed contralateral eye, the characteristic signature of OD plasticity in juvenile mice during the critical period. Interestingly, the same result was obtained after AD. Taken together, these results suggest that cross-modally restored OD plasticity does not only depend on reduction of GABA levels in V1, but also requires other, so far unknown mechanisms.

scholarly journals Contrasting roles for parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons in two forms of adult visual cortical plasticity

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eitan S Kaplan ◽  
Sam F Cooke ◽  
Robert W Komorowski ◽  
Alexander A Chubykin ◽  
Aurore Thomazeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Dependent Modification ◽  
Visual Cortical

The roles played by cortical inhibitory neurons in experience-dependent plasticity are not well understood. Here we evaluate the participation of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) GABAergic neurons in two forms of experience-dependent modification of primary visual cortex (V1) in adult mice: ocular dominance (OD) plasticity resulting from monocular deprivation and stimulus-selective response potentiation (SRP) resulting from enriched visual experience. These two forms of plasticity are triggered by different events but lead to a similar increase in visual cortical response. Both also require the NMDA class of glutamate receptor (NMDAR). However, we find that PV+ inhibitory neurons in V1 play a critical role in the expression of SRP and its behavioral correlate of familiarity recognition, but not in the expression of OD plasticity. Furthermore, NMDARs expressed within PV+ cells, reversibly inhibited by the psychotomimetic drug ketamine, play a critical role in SRP, but not in the induction or expression of adult OD plasticity.

scholarly journals Transfer effects in auditory temporal preparation occur using an unfilled but not filled foreperiod

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199545
Author(s):  
Emily M Crowe ◽  
Sander A Los ◽  
Louise Schindler ◽  
Christopher Kent
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Temporal Preparation ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Current Block ◽  
Visual Domain ◽  
Multiple Trace Theory

How quickly participants respond to a “go” after a “warning” signal is partly determined by the time between the two signals (the foreperiod) and the distribution of foreperiods. According to Multiple Trace Theory of Temporal Preparation (MTP), participants use memory traces of previous foreperiods to prepare for the upcoming go signal. If the processes underlying temporal preparation reflect general encoding and memory principles, transfer effects (the carryover effect of a previous block’s distribution of foreperiods to the current block) should be observed regardless of the sensory modality in which signals are presented. Despite convincing evidence for transfer effects in the visual domain, only weak evidence for transfer effects has been documented in the auditory domain. Three experiments were conducted to examine whether such differences in results are due to the modality of the stimulus or other procedural factors. In each experiment, two groups of participants were exposed to different foreperiod distributions in the acquisition phase and to the same foreperiod distribution in the transfer phase. Experiment 1 used a choice-reaction time (RT) task, and the warning signal remained on until the go signal, but there was no evidence for transfer effects. Experiments 2 and 3 used a simple- and choice-RT task, respectively, and there was silence between the warning and go signals. Both experiments revealed evidence for transfer effects, which suggests that transfer effects are most evident when there is no auditory stimulation between the warning and go signals.

scholarly journals Does age matter in Psoriatic arthritis? A narrative review

2021 ◽  
pp. jrheum.210349
Author(s):  
George E. Fragoulis ◽  
Elena Nikiphorou ◽  
Iain B. McInnes ◽  
Stefan Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Clinical Genetic ◽  
Psoriatic Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Comorbidities ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Research Domain

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) affects about 0.8% of the general population. Together with psoriasis is termed psoriatic disease. Comorbidities play an important role in the clinical expression and treatment of psoriatic disease. Ageing adds another level of complexity, partly because age directly accrues increasing risk of comorbidities, but also due to its complex interactions with several factors such as depression and social determinants. Ageing seems to have a "paradoxical association" with cardiovascular comorbidities for which the relative risk is more pronounced in younger patients with psoriatic disease and also to affect treatment decisions and response in patients with psoriatic disease. Finally, there is convincing evidence that there are clinical, genetic and histopathological differences between young- and late- onset PsA and psoriasis. Herein, we review the effect of age in patients with psoriatic disease, with a focus on PsA, highlighting the need to consider this feature in routine clinical practice as well as in the research domain.

Imbalanced Sensory Eye Dominance of Surgically Aligned Late-onset Acute Acquired Concomitant Esotropes with normal stereopsis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimo Yao ◽  
Huanyun Yu ◽  
Junxiao Zhang ◽  
Bo Chen ◽  
Xinping Yu
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Strabismus Surgery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Balance Point ◽  
Eye Dominance ◽  
Phase Combination ◽  
Sensory Eye Dominance ◽  
Normal Controls

Abstract Background: Adults with late-onset acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) have chance to develop normal binocular functions including a balanced ocular dominance before the onset of esotropia. For most patients, strabismus surgery re-establishing the ocular alignment indeed effectively restore stereopsis and visual acuity to the normal level. However, it is unclear whether they have already acquired balanced two eyes.Methods: 11 surgically aligned patients with AACE (24.3 ± 1.5 years; mean ± SE) and 14 adults with normal vision (26.1±1.2 years) participated in our experiments. All patients had normal binocularity and stereopsis. Using binocular phase combination paradigm, sensory eye dominance was quantified as the interocular contrast ratio, termed balance point, at which the contribution of each eye to the perception of cyclopean grating were equal.Results: Normal controls had a mean balance point value close to unity (0.95±0.01), while AACE group exhibited evident binocular imbalance (0.76±0.05), which was significantly different from control group (t (10.45) = -3.485, p = 0.006) . The balance point value didn’t depend on the interval from AACE onset to strabismus surgery (r = -0.357, p = 0.281) or the interval from the surgery to examination of sensory eye dominance (r = -0.105, p = 0.759).Conclusions: Although strabismus surgery effectively straightened AACE patients’ ocular alignment and even conferred them normal stereopsis, late-onset AACE patients’ two eyes were still not balanced. These results indicated that binocular imbalance might be a risk factor for adult AACE.

scholarly journals Optical imaging of the intrinsic signal as a measure of cortical plasticity in the mouse

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIANHUA CANG ◽  
VALERY A. KALATSKY ◽  
SIEGRID LÖWEL ◽  
MICHAEL P. STRYKER
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Optical Imaging ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Intrinsic Signals ◽  
Intrinsic Signal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

The responses of cells in the visual cortex to stimulation of the two eyes changes dramatically following a period of monocular visual deprivation (MD) during a critical period in early life. This phenomenon, referred to as ocular dominance (OD) plasticity, is a widespread model for understanding cortical plasticity. In this study, we designed stimulus patterns and quantification methods to analyze OD in the mouse visual cortex using optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Using periodically drifting bars restricted to the binocular portion of the visual field, we obtained cortical maps for both contralateral (C) and ipsilateral (I) eyes and computed OD maps as (C − I)/(C + I). We defined the OD index (ODI) for individual animals as the mean of the OD map. The ODI obtained from an imaging session of less than 30 min gives reliable measures of OD for both normal and monocularly deprived mice under Nembutal anesthesia. Surprisingly, urethane anesthesia, which yields excellent topographic maps, did not produce consistent OD findings. Normal Nembutal-anesthetized mice have positive ODI (0.22 ± 0.01), confirming a contralateral bias in the binocular zone. For mice monocularly deprived during the critical period, the ODI of the cortex contralateral to the deprived eye shifted negatively towards the nondeprived, ipsilateral eye (ODI after 2-day MD: 0.12 ± 0.02, 4-day: 0.03 ± 0.03, and 6- to 7-day MD: −0.01 ± 0.04). The ODI shift induced by 4-day MD appeared to be near maximal, consistent with previous findings using single-unit recordings. We have thus established optical imaging of intrinsic signals as a fast and reliable screening method to study OD plasticity in the mouse.

scholarly journals Do Sensory Cortices Process More than One Sensory Modality during Perceptual Judgments?

Neuron ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Lemus ◽  
Adrián Hernández ◽  
Rogelio Luna ◽  
Antonio Zainos ◽  
Ranulfo Romo
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
Sensory Cortices

scholarly journals The Expression Patterns of Cytochrome Oxidase and Immediate-Early Genes Show Absence of Ocular Dominance Columns in the Striate Cortex of Squirrel Monkeys Following Monocular Inactivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuiyu Li ◽  
Songping Yao ◽  
Qiuying Zhou ◽  
Toru Takahata
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Immediate Early Genes ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Immediate Early ◽  
Ocular Dominance Columns ◽  
Early Genes ◽  
Layer 4

Because at least some squirrel monkeys lack ocular dominance columns (ODCs) in the striate cortex (V1) that are detectable by cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry, the functional importance of ODCs on stereoscopic 3-D vision has been questioned. However, conventional CO histochemistry or trans-synaptic tracer study has limited capacity to reveal cortical functional architecture, whereas the expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs), c-FOS and ZIF268, is more directly responsive to neuronal activity of cortical neurons to demonstrate ocular dominance (OD)-related domains in V1 following monocular inactivation. Thus, we wondered whether IEG expression would reveal ODCs in the squirrel monkey V1. In this study, we first examined CO histochemistry in V1 of five squirrel monkeys that were subjected to monocular enucleation or tetrodotoxin (TTX) treatment to address whether there is substantial cross-individual variation as reported previously. Then, we examined the IEG expression of the same V1 tissue to address whether OD-related domains are revealed. As a result, staining patterns of CO histochemistry were relatively homogeneous throughout layer 4 of V1. IEG expression was also moderate and homogeneous throughout layer 4 of V1 in all cases. On the other hand, the IEG expression was patchy in accordance with CO blobs outside layer 4, particularly in infragranular layers, although they may not directly represent OD clusters. Squirrel monkeys remain an exceptional species among anthropoid primates with regard to OD organization, and thus are potentially good subjects to study the development and function of ODCs.

scholarly journals Physiological Correlates of Sensory Consciousness: Evidence for a Generalized Awareness Negativity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cole Dembski ◽  
Christof Koch ◽  
Michael Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Neurological Patients ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Sensory Consciousness

We critically review the recent literature on six EEG and MEG markers of the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) for visual, auditory and tactile stimuli in neurotypical volunteers and neurological patients. After ruling out four of these as candidate NCC, we focus on two prominent evoked signals: an early, modality-specific negativity, termed the visual or auditory awareness negativity (VAN and AAN, respectively) and a late, modality-independent positivity termed the P3b. More than twelve diverse experimental studies found that the P3b is absent despite consciously seeing, hearing, or feeling stimuli, ruling out the P3b as a true NCC. In contrast, no convincing evidence for a dissociation between the awareness negativities and consciousness has been reported thus far. Furthermore, there is evidence for an equivalent signal in the tactile domain, which we term the somatosensory awareness negativity (SAN). These three neural signals are usually maximal on the side of the scalp contralateral to the evoking stimulus, above the associated sensory cortices. We conclude that the data from these three modalities is consistent with a generalized awareness negativity (GAN) correlated with perceptual consciousness that arises 120-200 ms following stimulus onset and originates from the underlying sensory cortices. The identification of this GAN points towards new, promising avenues for future research and raises an array of concrete questions that can be empirically investigated.

scholarly journals Binocular matching of thalamocortical and intracortical circuits in the mouse visual cortex

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Gu ◽  
Jianhua Cang
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Individual Layer ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Thalamic Input ◽  
Intracortical Circuits ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Binocular Matching ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Visual Cortical

Visual cortical neurons are tuned to similar orientations through the two eyes. The binocularly-matched orientation preference is established during a critical period in early life, but the underlying circuit mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we optogenetically isolated the thalamocortical and intracortical excitatory inputs to individual layer 4 neurons and studied their binocular matching. In adult mice, the thalamic and cortical inputs representing the same eyes are similarly tuned and both are matched binocularly. In mice before the critical period, the thalamic input is already slightly matched, but the weak matching is not manifested due to random connections in the cortex, especially those serving the ipsilateral eye. Binocular matching is thus mediated by orientation-specific changes in intracortical connections and further improvement of thalamic matching. Together, our results suggest that the feed-forward thalamic input may play a key role in initiating and guiding the functional refinement of cortical circuits in critical period development.

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