scholarly journals Measurements of maize root plasticity under water stress in hydroponic chambers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talukder Z. Jubery ◽  
Sisi Liu ◽  
Thomas Lubberstedt ◽  
Baskar Ganapathysubramanian ◽  
Daniel Attinger
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Microfluidic Flow ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Root Permeability

1.AbstractUnder water stress, plants adjust root traits including depth of root system, root diameter, density of root per volume of soil, hydraulic conductance of root. In this experimental study, we present a method to quantify how hydraulic traits of maize roots adapt to drought. The experiments involve a microfluidic flow sensor and a custom-built pressure chamber, made of transparent plastic for visualization purposes. We measured how maize genotypes (PHB47 and PHZ51) grown for a week in deionized (DI) water and one day in hydroponic nutrients solution (called the irrigated condition) respond to one week of water stress. Conditions of water stress (called drought conditions) were created by mixing Polyethylene Glycol with the nutrients solution. Results show that under drought, the roots of both genotypes respond by approximately halving their global hydraulic conductance. This adjustment seems to be achieved mainly by reductions of the total surface area of the roots. Interestingly, the measured hydraulic conductivity of the roots grown under drought was significantly larger. In all, this study sheds light on how plants adapt to water stress in a hydroponic system, by decreasing root area and increasing root permeability.

scholarly journals Variability of root traits in common bean genotypes at different levels of phosphorus supply and ontogenetic stages

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1170-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto dos Santos Trindade ◽  
Adelson Paulo Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Ontogenetic Stages ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Selection Of

Selection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars with enhanced root growth would be a strategy for increasing P uptake and grain yield in tropical soils, but the strong plasticity of root traits may compromise their inclusion in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of the genotypic variability of root traits in common bean plants at two ontogenetic stages and two soil P levels. Twenty-four common bean genotypes, comprising the four growth habits that exist in the species and two wild genotypes, were grown in 4 kg pots at two levels of applied P (20 and 80 mg kg-1) and harvested at the stages of pod setting and early pod filling. Root area and root length were measured by digital image analysis. Significant genotype × P level and genotype × harvest interactions in analysis of variance indicate that the genotypic variation of root traits depended on soil nutrient availability and the stage at which evaluation was made. Genotypes differed for taproot mass, basal and lateral root mass, root area and root length at both P levels and growth stages; differences in specific root area and length were small. Genotypes with growth habits II (upright indeterminate) and III (prostrate indeterminate) showed better adaptation to limited P supply than genotypes of groups I (determinate) and IV (indeterminate climbing). Between the two harvests, genotypes of groups II and III increased the mass of basal and lateral roots by 40 and 50 %, respectively, whereas genotypes of groups I and IV by only 7 and 19 %. Values of the genotypic coefficient of determination, which estimates the proportion of phenotypic variance resulting from genetic effects, were higher at early pod filling than at pod setting. Correlations between shoot mass and root mass, which could indicate indirect selection of root systems via aboveground biomass, were higher at early pod filling than at pod setting. The results indicate that selection for root traits in common bean genotypes should preferentially be performed at the early pod-filling stage.

scholarly journals Water Stress Influence on The Vegetative Period Yield Components of Different Maize Genotypes

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Cassyo de Araujo Rufino ◽  
Jucilayne Fernandes-Vieira ◽  
Jesús Martín-Gil ◽  
José Abreu Júnior ◽  
Lizandro Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stress Influence

Maize is an important food staple in many countries, and is useful in animal feed and many industrial applications. Its productivity is highly sensitive to drought stress, which may occur at any period during its growth cycle. The objective of this work was to compare the water stress influence on the performance of different maize genotypes in critical vegetative stages. Four genotypes of maize (namely a single-cross hybrid (AG 9045), a double-cross hybrid (AG 9011), a triple-cross hybrid (AG 5011), and a variety (AL Bandeirante)) were subjected to a 10-day period without irrigation in the vegetative stages that determine the number of kernel rows and the plant’s ability to take up nutrients and water (V4, V6 and V8). The impact of low water availability was assessed by analyzing plant height, height of the first ear insertion, stem diameter, yield per plant, and number of rows per ear, evincing that the yield per plant was the most sensitive parameter in all the stages. With regard to the influence of the genotype, the single-cross hybrid was demonstrated to be the most resilient to water shortage.

scholarly journals Plant Growth Regulator Effects on Germination and Root Traits of ‘Lambada’ and ‘Don Victor’ Onion Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1759-1764
Author(s):  
Maria A. Macias-Leon ◽  
Daniel I. Leskovar
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

Onions (Allium cepa L.) are easily outcompeted by weeds because of slow germination and relative growth rates. Therefore, high percentage of seed germination and root vigor are important traits to improve field performance. The effects of exogenous plant growth regulators (PGRs), 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon, Eth), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), trans-zeatin (tZ), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were evaluated on the germination and root growth of ‘Don Victor’ (yellow) and ‘Lambada’ (red) onion seedlings. Seeds were soaked for 10 hours in hormonal solutions and water (hydro-priming). Seed germination improved with Eth (30 and 100 μm), Eth (100 μm) + IAA (10 μm), and IAA (3 μm) treatments. Root surface area (RSA) increased in response to Eth at 30 and 100 μm, Eth + IAA, and 3 μm IAA. Root length (RL) and root diameter (RD) were enhanced by 1 μm tZ and 100 μm ACC. Eth reduced RL and RD, whereas IAA showed no effects. A subsequent experiment evaluated synergistic effects of different PGRs. Treatment of seeds with ACC (250 μm) + tZ (0.5 μm) and ACC (250 μm) + tZ (0.5 μm) + Eth (20 μm) enhanced RL and RD. RSA was unaffected by ACC + tZ + Eth. The results suggest that exogenous PGRs could be useful to enhance germination, RL, and RSA of onion seedlings.

Relationships among arbuscular mycorrhizas, root morphology and seedling growth of tropical native woody species in southern Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldemar Zangaro ◽  
Fabio Rodrigo Nishidate ◽  
Flavia Regina Spago Camargo ◽  
Graziela Gorete Romagnoli ◽  
Julia Vandressen
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Native Woody Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Response

The relationships between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root morphological characteristics were studied under greenhouse conditions of 78 tropical native woody species and 47 seedling species collected in the field. Seedlings of native woody pioneer and early secondary species that generally exhibited fine roots with a dense cover of long root hairs showed higher mycorrhizal response and root mycorrhizal colonization than late-secondary and climax species with coarse roots with a sparse cover of short root hairs. Root-hair length and incidence decreased with the progression among the successional groups while fine-root diameter increased, both in the greenhouse and in the field. The mycorrhizal response was highly correlated to root mycorrhizal colonization in the greenhouse and in the field. These parameters were inversely correlated with the seed mass and fine-root diameter, but directly correlated with root-hair incidence, both in the greenhouse and in the field. Mycorrhizal response and root mycorrhizal colonization were also directly correlated with the root-hair length and root/shoot ratio of uninoculated plants. The seedling mycorrhizal status of the early successional woody species suggests that the root traits of these fast-growing species can be more receptive to attraction, infection and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizas than root traits of late-successional species.

scholarly journals DROUGHT-TOLERANT MAIZE GENOTYPES INVEST IN ROOT SYSTEM AND MAINTAIN HIGH HARVEST INDEX DURING WATER STRESS

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 450
Author(s):  
RONIEL GERALDO AVILA ◽  
PAULO CESÁR MAGALHÃES ◽  
AMAURI ALVES DE ALVARENGA ◽  
ALYNE DE OLIVEIRA LAVINSKY ◽  
CLEIDE NASCIMENTO CAMPOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carbon Partitioning ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Source Sink

ABSTRACT – Drought is considered the primary limitation to agriculture and, can reduce grain yield by up to 60%when occurs at pre-flowering in maize. In this context this research, aimed to understand the maize genotypes behaviorto drought management and carbon partitioning between grain production and structures to maintain hydration whensubmitted to drought. Maize genotypes tolerant (DKB390 and P30F35) and sensitive (BRS1010 and 2B710) to droughtwere grown in a greenhouse using two water conditions: irrigated and stressed. Water deficit was imposed atpre-flowering and maintained for twelve days. Leaf water potential, gaseous exchange and male and female floweringinterval were evaluated. At the end of the cycle, production components and root/shoot ratio dry weight were evaluated.Drought-tolerant genotypes used root system as a mechanism of tolerance to drought, which ensure greater efficiencyin absorption and loss of water and, consequently, greater stomatal conductance during the drought, compared to thesensitive-genotypes. In addition, drought-tolerant genotypes showed greater stability in the source-sink relationship,exhibiting higher photosynthetic rate and harvest index.Keywords: water stress, carbon partitioning; root/shoot ratio dry weight, gas exchanges, Zea mays.GENÓTIPOS DE MILHO TOLERANTES À SECA INVESTEM EM SISTEMA RADICULARE MANTEM ALTO ÍNDICE DE COLHEITA DURANTE O ESTRESSE HÍDRICORESUMO- A seca é considerada restrição primária à agricultura, e no milho, quando ocorre no pré-florescimento,pode reduzir o rendimento de grãos em até 60%. Neste contexto, objetivou-se entender como genótipos de milhocontrastantes para tolerância à seca, gerenciam o particionamento de carbono entre produção de grãos e estruturasde manutenção da hidratação durante a seca. Para isso, em casa de vegetação cultivaram-se genótipos de milhotolerantes (DKB390 e P30F35) e sensíveis (BRS1010 e 2B710) à seca, em duas condições hídricas: irrigadonormal e déficit hídrico. No pré-florecimento foi imposto o déficit hídrico, que foi mantido por doze dias.Posteriormente avaliou-se o potencial hídrico foliar, trocas gasosas e intervalo de florescimento masculino e feminino.No final do ciclo, avaliaram-se os componentes de produção e a razão raiz/parte aérea. Constatou-se que, genótipostolerantes utilizaram preferencialmente sistema radicular como um mecanismo de tolerância à seca, o que garantiu aesses genótipos, maior eficiência entre a absorção e perda de água e, consequentemente, maior condutância estomáticadurante a seca, em relação aos genótipos sensíveis. Além disso, os genótipos tolerantes apresentaram maior equilíbrioem suas relações fonte e dreno, exibindo maiores taxa fotossintética e índice de colheita.Palavras-chave: estresse hídrico, particionamento de carbono, razão raiz/parte aérea, trocas gasosas, Zea mays.                                                     

scholarly journals WATER TRANSPORT AND GROWTH OF CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale L.) UNDER SOIL MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
JOKO PITONO ◽  
TSUDA MAKOTO ◽  
YOSHIHIKO HIRAI
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Four Levels

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The ability to adapt to soil mechanical impedance was considered to <br /> support cashew growing in drought prone areas, since those areas are <br /> sometimes aggravated by problem on soil mechanical impedance. The <br /> response of water transport and growth under soil mechanical impedance <br /> was  evaluated  at  two  productive  cashew  accessions.  Two  cashew <br /> accessions, A3-1, that adapt well to drought stress, and a local accession <br /> Pangkep, and four levels of soil bulk densities of 0.75 g cm<sup>-3</sup>, 0.90 g cm<sup>-3</sup>, 1.00 g cm<sup>-3</sup> and 1.24 g cm<sup>-3</sup> under sufficient soil moisture conditions, were arranged   in   factorially completely   randomized   design   with   five replications. The response of shoot and root growth, transpiration and hydraulic  conductance  were  evaluated.  The  results  showed  that  the accession of A3-1 indicated a better to maintain root growth under soil mechanical impedance that produced thick root/total root length ratio and xylem area/transvesal root area ratio more than Pangkep. On the other hand, A3-1 was faster in reducing leaf area than Pangkep when subjected to increased level of soil bulk density treatments. Although the hydraulic conductance was not varied among the cashew accessions and had not a specific response trend to soil bulk density treatments, however, the increase of diurnal transpiration induced by increased level of soil bulk <br /> density treatment in A3-1 was higher than it in Pangkep. It is suggested <br /> that the ability to regulate the root and shoot growth and water transport <br /> under soil mechanical impedance condition was better in A3-1 than in <br /> Pangkep. Moreover, it might be a part attribute of drought tolerance on <br /> A3-1 accession.</p><p>Keywords: cashew, soil mechanical impedance, growth, water transport</p><p> </p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Transportasi Air dan Pertumbuhan Jambu Mente (Anacardium occidentale L.) pada Berbagai Hambatan Mekanik Tanah</p>Kemampuan  adaptasi  terhadap  hambatan  mekanik  tanah  diper-<br /> kirakan  membantu  pengembangan  jambu  mente  di  wilayah  berlahan <br /> kering, mengingat kondisi wilayah tersebut sering diperparah oleh masalah <br /> hambatan mekanik tanah. Respon transportasi air tanaman dan pertum-<br /> buhan terhadap hambatan mekanik tanah dievaluasi pada dua aksesi jambu mente.  Dua  aksesi  jambu  mete,  A3-1  yang  adaptif  terhadap  stres kekeringan dan aksesi lokal, Pangkep, serta 4 level padatan tanah 0.75 g.cm<sup>-3</sup>, 0.90 g.cm<sup>-3</sup>, 1.00 g.cm<sup>-3</sup>, dan 1.24 g.cm<sup>-3</sup>  dengan kondisi lengas tanah dijaga selalu cukup, disusun dalam rancangan faktorial acak lengkap dengan lima ulangan. Respon pertumbuhan akar dan tajuk, transpirasi, dan daya hantar air tanaman dievaluasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa A3-1 lebih mampu menjaga pertumbuhan akar pada kondisi hambatan mekanik tanah dengan nilai rasio panjang akar tebal/panjang total akar dan rasio luas xylem/luas melintang akar lebih lebih besar daripada Pangkep. Pada sisi lain, A3-1 mengurangi luas daun lebih cepat dibanding Pangkep saat diberikan kenaikan perlakuan berat isi tanah. Meskipun tidak ada perbedaan daya hantar air tanaman di antara kedua aksesi dan tidak adanya pola respon spesifik terhadap perlakuan  padatan tanah, namun terjadi kenaikan transpirasi harian lebih besar pada A3-1 daripada Pangkep. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa kemampuan A3-1 mengatur pertumbuhan dan transportasi  air  saat  mengalami  hambatan  mekanik  tanah  lebih  baik daripada Pangkep. Hal ini mungkin merupakan bagian dari sifat toleransi terhadap kekeringan pada aksesi A3-1.<p>Kata kunci:  jambu mente, hambatan mekanik tanah, pertumbuhan, transportasi air</p>

scholarly journals ROOT GROWTH OF CHINESE JUNIPER DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS AFTER PLANTING

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1064e-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael E. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Spread

Shoot and root growth were measured on Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) Var. `Torulosa', `Sylvestris', `Pfitzeriana' and `Hetzii' 1, 2 and 3 years after planting into a simulated landscape from 10-liter black plastic containers. Mean diameter of the root system increased quadratically averaging 1, 2 m/year; whereas, mean branch spread increased at 0, 33 m/year, Three years after planting, root spread was 2, 75 times branch spread and roots covered an area 5.5 times that covered by the branches. Percentage of total root length located within the dripline of the plants remained fairly constant (71-77%) during the first 3 years following planting. Root length density per unit area increased over time but decreased with distance from the trunk. In the first 2 years after planting shoot weight increased faster than root `weight. However, during the third year after planting, the root system increased in mass and size at a faster rate than the shoots. Root length was correlated with root weight within root-diameter classes, Root spread and root area were correlated with trunk area, branch spread and crown area.

scholarly journals Physiological and histological approaches to study berry shrivel in grapes

OENO One ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Zufferey ◽  
Jean-Laurent Spring ◽  
Francine Voinesco ◽  
Olivier Viret ◽  
Katia Gindro
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Status ◽  
High Water ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Water Accumulation

<p class="StyleTitre2TimesNewRomanToutenmajuscule" style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: The current work aims to study berry shrivel in grapes (a grape-ripening disorder) in relation to vine water status and climatic conditions using physiological and histological approaches.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Measurements of rachis hydraulic conductance on grapevine clusters (<em>Vitis vinifera</em> L.) and observations of the vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) using transmission electron microscopy were conducted on rachises from healthy clusters and clusters having berry shrivel (BS) symptoms during the season. BS intensity was largely dependent on the vine water status: BS was greater in vines without water stress than in vines with moderate to high water stress around veraison time. Preliminary results showed that rachis hydraulic conductance declined sharply after veraison but remained slightly higher in healthy clusters in comparison with clusters presenting BS symptoms. An important degradation of the primary phloem was observed in the rachises of BS clusters, with the appearance of hard, non-functional liber (secondary phloem) and a disorganization of the cell content in the phloem tissue. An alteration of the primary xylem was also observed in the middle of the rachis and in the secondary rachis ramifications.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: These results suggest that the decrease in sugar and water accumulation in BS berries would primarily be associated with a decline in rachis phloem functionality.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: The management of the vine water status plays a key role in berry shrivel development.</p>

scholarly journals Morpho-Physiology and Anatomical Responses of Sorghum Seedlings as Affected by Salinity in Hydroponic Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 52-65
Author(s):  
MN Sarkar ◽  
AKMZ Hossain ◽  
SN Islam ◽  
S Shahanaz ◽  
MZ Tareq
Keyword(s):  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Proline Concentration ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

An experiment was conducted at the growth chamber of Department of Crop Botany in the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during March 2018 to observe morpho-physiology and anatomical response of sorghum. Six genotypes were grown in hydroponics with a full nutrient solution (NH4NO3-500 μM; Ca(NO3)2-500 μM; MgSO4-200 μM; KH2P04 -100 μM; FeC13-2μM; H2B03-11 μM; MnC12-2μM; ZnC12-0.35μM; CuCl2-0.2μM; (NH4)6Mo704-0.1 μM) and 100 mM salinity was imposed on 14 days seedlings. Data on morpho-physiological and anatomical parameters from seedlings were collected after 21 days and stress tolerant indexes of shoot and root were analyzed. Anatomical parameters like metaxylem and protoxylem thickness were also investigated. The results indicated that all the parameters viz. root length, shoot length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, stress tolerance index of root, and shoot, dry weight of shoot and root, relative chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), proline concentration, total root area, vascular cylinder area and root diameter were decreased with increasing salinity levels except leaf proline content. Genotypes BD 750 and BD 686 showed better performance considering tolerant indicators while the poor performance was exhibited by BD 747 and BD 753. Thus, based on overall observation BD 750 and BD 686 might be salt tolerant. The Agriculturists 2019; 17(1-2) 52-65

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