Plan-based generalization shapes local implicit adaptation to opposing visuomotor transformations

The human ability to use different tools demonstrates our capability of forming and maintaining multiple, context specific motor memories. Experimentally, this ability has been investigated in dual adaptation, where participants adjust their reaching movements to opposing visuomotor transformations. Adaptation in these paradigms occurs by distinct processes, i.e. the development of explicit aiming strategies for each transformation and/or the implicit acquisition of distinct visuomotor mappings. The presence of distinct, transformation-dependent aftereffects has been interpreted as support for the latter. Alternatively, however, distinct aftereffects could reflect adaptation of a single visuomotor map, which is locally adjusted in different regions of the workspace. Indeed, recent studies suggest that explicit aiming strategies direct where in the workspace implicit adaptation occurs.Disentangling these possibilities is critical to understanding how humans acquire and maintain separate motor memories for different skills and tools. We therefore investigated generalization of explicit and implicit adaptation to different directions after participants practiced two opposing cursor rotations, which were associated with separate visual workspaces. Whereas participants learned to compensate opposing rotations by explicit strategies that were specific to the visual workspace cue, aftereffects were not sensitive to visual workspace cues. Instead, aftereffects displayed bimodal generalization patterns that appeared to reflect locally limited learning of both transformations. By varying target arrangements and instructions, we show that these generalization patterns are consistent with implicit adaptation that generalizes locally around (explicit) movement plans associated with opposing visuomotor transformations. Our findings show that strategies can shape implicit adaptation in a complex manner.New & NoteworthyVisuomotor dual adaptation experiments have identified contextual cues that enable learning of separate visuomotor mappings, but little is known about the underlying representations of learning. We report that visual workspace separation as a contextual cue enables participants to compensate opposing cursor rotations by a combination of explicit and implicit processes: Learners developed context-dependent explicit aiming strategies while an implicit visuomotor map represented dual adaptation independent from context by local adaptation around the explicit movement plan.