scholarly journals The computation of strategic learning in repeated social competitive interactions: Learning sophistication, reward attractor points and strategic asymmetry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaud Griessinger ◽  
Giorgio Coricelli ◽  
Mehdi Khamassi
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Repeated Game ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Strategic Learning ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Game Environment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Recursive Thinking

ABSTRACTSocial interactions rely on our ability to learn and adjust our behavior to the behavior of others. Strategic games provide a useful framework to study the cognitive processes involved in the formation of beliefs about the others’ intentions and behavior, what we may call strategic theory of mind. Through the years, the growing field of behavioral economics provided evidence of a systematic departure of human’s behavior from the optimal game theoretical prescriptions. One hypothesis posits that human’s ability to accurately process the other’s behavior is somehow bounded. The question of what constraints the formation of sufficiently high order beliefs remained unanswered. We hypothesize that maximizing final earnings in a competitive repeated game setting, requires moving away from reward-based learning to engage in sophisticated belief-based learning. Overcoming the attraction of the immediate rewards by displaying a computationally costly type of learning might not be a strategy shared among all individuals. In this work, we manipulated the reward structure of the interaction so that the action displayed by the two types of learning becomes (respectively not) discriminable, giving a relative strategic (resp. dis) advantage to the participant given the role endorsed during the interaction. We employed a computational modeling approach to characterize the individual level of belief learning sophistication in three types of interactions (agent-agent, human-human and human-agent). The analysis of the participants’ choice behavior revealed that the strategic learning level drives the formation of more accurate beliefs and eventually leads to convergence towards game optimality (equilibrium). More specifically we show that the game structure interacts with the level of engagement in strategically sophisticated learning to explain the outcome of the interaction. This study provides the first evidence of a key implication of strategic learning heterogeneity in equilibrium departure and provides insight to explain the emergence of a leader-follower dynamics of choice.AUTHOR SUMMARYDynamic interaction between individuals appears to be a cornerstone for understanding how humans grasp other minds. During a strategic interaction, in which the outcome of one’s action depends directly on what the other individual decides, it appears crucial to anticipate the other’s actions in order to adjust our own behavior. In theory, choosing optimally in a strategic setting requires that both players hold correct beliefs over their opponent’s behavior and best-respond to it. However, in practice humans systematically deviate from the game-theoretical (equilibrium), suggesting that our ability to form accurate beliefs is cognitively and/or contextually constrained. Previous studies using computational modelling suggested that during a repeated game interaction humans vary in the sophistication of their learning process leading to the formation of beliefs over their opponent’s behavior of different orders of complexity (level of recursive thinking such as “I think that you think that …”). In this work we show that the individual engagement in sophisticated (belief-based) learning drives the convergence towards equilibrium and ultimately performance. Moreover, we show that this effect is influenced by both the game environment and the cognitive capacity of the participants, shaping the very dynamic of the social interaction.DATA AVAILABILITYThe authors confirm that upon publication the raw behavioral data and Matlab code for reconstruction of all figures, computational models and statistical analyses will be made available for download at the following URL: https://zenodo.org/

scholarly journals A computational approach to studying ageing at the individual level

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1824) ◽  
pp. 20152346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary M. Harvanek ◽  
Márcio A. Mourão ◽  
Santiago Schnell ◽  
Scott D. Pletcher
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Population Mortality ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rate Of Ageing ◽  
Key Aspects

The ageing process is actively regulated throughout an organism's life, but studying the rate of ageing in individuals is difficult with conventional methods. Consequently, ageing studies typically make biological inference based on population mortality rates, which often do not accurately reflect the probabilities of death at the individual level. To study the relationship between individual and population mortality rates, we integrated in vivo switch experiments with in silico stochastic simulations to elucidate how carefully designed experiments allow key aspects of individual ageing to be deduced from group mortality measurements. As our case study, we used the recent report demonstrating that pheromones of the opposite sex decrease lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster by reversibly increasing population mortality rates. We showed that the population mortality reversal following pheromone removal was almost surely occurring in individuals, albeit more slowly than suggested by population measures. Furthermore, heterogeneity among individuals due to the inherent stochasticity of behavioural interactions skewed population mortality rates in middle-age away from the individual-level trajectories of which they are comprised. This article exemplifies how computational models function as important predictive tools for designing wet-laboratory experiments to use population mortality rates to understand how genetic and environmental manipulations affect ageing in the individual.

Testimonial Injustice and Mindreading

Hypatia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Transmission Of Knowledge ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Testimonial Injustice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Miranda Fricker

Miranda Fricker maintains that testimonial responsibility is the proper corrective to testimonial injustice. She proposes a perceptual‐like “testimonial sensibility” to explain the transmission of knowledge through testimony. This sensibility is the means by which a hearer perceives an interlocutor's credibility level. When prejudice causes a hearer to inappropriately deflate the credibility attributed to a speaker, the sensibility may have functioned unreliably. Testimonial responsibility, she claims, will make the capacity reliable by reinflating credibility levels to their proper degree. I argue that testimonial sensitivity may be or involve “mindreading,” the cognitive capacity by which we predict human behavior and explain it in terms of mental states. Further, I claim that, if testimonial sensibility is or involves mindreading, and mindreading is a function of brain processes (as claimed by cognitive neuroscientists), testimonial injustice cannot be corrected by testimonial responsibility. This is because 1) it appears to rely on conscious awareness of prejudice, whereas much bias occurs implicitly, and 2) it works at the individual level, whereas testimonial injustice occurs both individually and socially. I argue that the remedy for testimonial injustice is, instead, engaging in social efforts that work below the level of consciousness.

scholarly journals 3D space–time visualization of individual settlement pathways of Mainland China-born migrants in Queensland, Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-278
Author(s):  
Siqin Wang ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Thomas Sigler ◽  
Jonathan Corcoran
Keyword(s):  
3D Visualization ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Individual

The number of migrants from Mainland China (MC) to Australia have been sharply increasing since 2000 and MC became the largest non-Commonwealth source country in 2011. The integration process of migrants to the host society involves the exposure and movement of migrants to the majority, which is reflected by the settlement pathways of migrants moving from ethnic to non-ethnic communities over time. Most of the existing research regarding migrants’ pathways is constrained by the limitations of cross-sectional data, which are usually available at the community or above levels. Little is known about the individual-level settlement pathways of migrants due to lack of data availability. In order to address this deficit, a 3D visualization is used to express the individual pathways of MC-born migrants based on primary survey data. This enables a more detailed, spatio-temporal picture of how long migrants live at each address and how they move across neighbourhoods.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Edward C. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Level I ◽  
Dance Educators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

Exploring the effect of weight loss on food reward at the individual level

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Oustric ◽  
Kristine Beaulieu ◽  
Nuno Casanova ◽  
Francois Husson ◽  
Catherine Gibbons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Personality change and environmental concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Ted Schwaba ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
German Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

Reply to Connor and Evers (2020): Critique of the Bias of Crowds Model Simply Restates the Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Payne ◽  
Heidi A. Vuletich ◽  
Kristjen B. Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Core ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
The Individual

The Bias of Crowds model (Payne, Vuletich, & Lundberg, 2017) argues that implicit bias varies across individuals and across contexts. It is unreliable and weakly associated with behavior at the individual level. But when aggregated to measure context-level effects, the scores become stable and predictive of group-level outcomes. We concluded that the statistical benefits of aggregation are so powerful that researchers should reconceptualize implicit bias as a feature of contexts, and ask new questions about how implicit biases relate to systemic racism. Connor and Evers (2020) critiqued the model, but their critique simply restates the core claims of the model. They agreed that implicit bias varies across individuals and across contexts; that it is unreliable and weakly associated with behavior at the individual level; and that aggregating scores to measure context-level effects makes them more stable and predictive of group-level outcomes. Connor and Evers concluded that implicit bias should be considered to really be noisily measured individual construct because the effects of aggregation are merely statistical. We respond to their specific arguments and then discuss what it means to really be a feature of persons versus situations, and multilevel measurement and theory in psychological science more broadly.

Leadership Enactment for Information System Acceptance: an Explanation from a Sensemaking Perspective

2019 ◽  
pp. 78-106
Author(s):  
Aruna Dayanatha ◽  
J A S K Jayakody
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
User Involvement ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Is Success ◽  
Managerial Leadership ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
System Acceptance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Leadership Intervention ◽  
Is Failure

Information system (IS) projects have been seen to be failing at an alarmingly high rate. The prevailing explanations of IS failure have had only a limited success. Thus, the time may be right to look at the reasons for IS failure through an alternative perspective. This paper proposes that IS success should be explained in terms of managerial leadership intervention, from the sensemaking perspective. Managers are responsible for workplace outcomes; thus, it may be appropriate to explain their role in IS success as well. The sensemaking perspective can explain IS success through holistic user involvement, a concept which critiques of existing explanations have stated to be a requirement for explaining IS failure. This paper proposes a framework combining the theory of enactment and leadership enactment to theorize managerial leadership intervention for “IS success.” The proposed explanation postulates that the managerial leader’s envisioning of the future transaction set influences the liberation of the follower and cast enactment, while liberating followers and cast enactment constitute manager sensegiving. The managerial leader’s sense-giving influences follower sensemaking. Follower sensemaking, under the influence of managerial sensegiving, will lead to followers’ IS acceptance, and that constitutes IS success at the individual level. Further, collective level IS acceptance constitutes IS adaption/success, and this will influence the leader’s sensegiving, for the next round of sensemaking.

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