scholarly journals A behavior-manipulating virus relative as a source of adaptive genes for parasitoid wasps

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Di Giovanni ◽  
David Lepetit ◽  
Matthieu Boulesteix ◽  
Yohann Coute ◽  
Marc Ravallec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Ecological Interaction ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Domestication Process ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Reproductive Apparatus

To circumvent host immune response, some hymenopteran endo-parasitoids produce virus-like structures in their reproductive apparatus that are injected into the host together with the eggs. These viral-like structures are absolutely necessary for the reproduction of these wasps. The viral evolutionary origin of these viral-like particles has been demonstrated in only a few cases of wasp species all belonging to the Ichneumonoidea superfamily. In addition, the nature of the initial virus-wasp association remains unknown for all. This is either because no closely related descendant infects the wasps, because it has not been sampled yet, or because the virus lineage went extinct. In this paper, we show that the virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by endoparasitoids of Drosophila belonging to the Leptopilina genus (superfamily Cynipoidea) do have a viral origin, solving the debate on their origin. Furthermore, the ancestral donor virus still has close relatives infecting one of the wasp species, thus giving us insights on the ecological interaction that possibly allowed the domestication process. Intriguingly, this contemporary virus is both vertically and horizontally transmitted and has the particularity to manipulate the superparasitism behavior of the wasp. This raises the possibility that behavior manipulation has been instrumental in the birth of such association between wasps and viruses.

scholarly journals A Behavior-Manipulating Virus Relative as a Source of Adaptive Genes for Drosophila Parasitoids

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 2791-2807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Di Giovanni ◽  
David Lepetit ◽  
Benjamin Guinet ◽  
Bastien Bennetot ◽  
Matthieu Boulesteix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Parasitic Wasps ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Ancestral Virus ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Reproductive Apparatus ◽  
Immunosuppressive Factors

Abstract Some species of parasitic wasps have domesticated viral machineries to deliver immunosuppressive factors to their hosts. Up to now, all described cases fall into the Ichneumonoidea superfamily, which only represents around 10% of hymenoptera diversity, raising the question of whether such domestication occurred outside this clade. Furthermore, the biology of the ancestral donor viruses is completely unknown. Since the 1980s, we know that Drosophila parasitoids belonging to the Leptopilina genus, which diverged from the Ichneumonoidea superfamily 225 Ma, do produce immunosuppressive virus-like structure in their reproductive apparatus. However, the viral origin of these structures has been the subject of debate. In this article, we provide genomic and experimental evidence that those structures do derive from an ancestral virus endogenization event. Interestingly, its close relatives induce a behavior manipulation in present-day wasps. Thus, we conclude that virus domestication is more prevalent than previously thought and that behavior manipulation may have been instrumental in the birth of such associations.

scholarly journals Sight of parasitoid wasps accelerates sexual behavior and upregulates a micropeptide gene in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimaa A. M. Ebrahim ◽  
Gaëlle J. S. Talross ◽  
John R. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Vast Range

AbstractParasitoid wasps inflict widespread death upon the insect world. Hundreds of thousands of parasitoid wasp species kill a vast range of insect species. Insects have evolved defensive responses to the threat of wasps, some cellular and some behavioral. Here we find an unexpected response of adult Drosophila to the presence of certain parasitoid wasps: accelerated mating behavior. Flies exposed to certain wasp species begin mating more quickly. The effect is mediated via changes in the behavior of the female fly and depends on visual perception. The sight of wasps induces the dramatic upregulation in the fly nervous system of a gene that encodes a 41-amino acid micropeptide. Mutational analysis reveals that the gene is essential to the behavioral response of the fly. Our work provides a foundation for further exploration of how the activation of visual circuits by the sight of a wasp alters both sexual behavior and gene expression.

scholarly journals Head-to-Head Comparison of Modular Vaccines Developed Using Different Capsid Virus-Like Particle Backbones and Antigen Conjugation Systems

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Laurits Fredsgaard ◽  
Louise Goksøyr ◽  
Susan Thrane ◽  
Kara-Lee Aves ◽  
Thor G. Theander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Capsid Protein ◽  
Major Capsid Protein ◽  
Molecular Scaffolds ◽  
Conjugation System ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Specific Igg

Capsid virus-like particles (cVLPs) are used as molecular scaffolds to increase the immunogenicity of displayed antigens. Modular platforms have been developed whereby antigens are attached to the surface of pre-assembled cVLPs. However, it remains unknown to what extent the employed cVLP backbone and conjugation system may influence the immune response elicited against the displayed antigen. Here, we performed a head-to-head comparison of antigen-specific IgG responses elicited by modular cVLP-vaccines differing by their employed cVLP backbone or conjugation system, respectively. Covalent antigen conjugation (i.e., employing the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system) resulted in significantly higher antigen-specific IgG titers compared to when using affinity-based conjugation (i.e., using biotin/streptavidin). The cVLP backbone also influenced the antigen-specific IgG response. Specifically, vaccines based on the bacteriophage AP205 cVLP elicited significantly higher antigen-specific IgG compared to corresponding vaccines using the human papillomavirus major capsid protein (HPV L1) cVLP. In addition, the AP205 cVLP platform mediated induction of antigen-specific IgG with a different subclass profile (i.e., higher IgG2a and IgG2b) compared to HPV L1 cVLP. These results demonstrate that the cVLP backbone and conjugation system can individually affect the IgG response elicited against a displayed antigen. These data will aid the understanding and process of tailoring modular cVLP vaccines to achieve improved immune responses.

scholarly journals Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis Is Associated With Symptoms Severity and Local Immune/Inflammatory Response in COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Soffritti ◽  
Maria D’Accolti ◽  
Chiara Fabbri ◽  
Angela Passaro ◽  
Roberto Manfredini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Local Inflammation ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Oral Rinse

The human oral microbiome (HOM) is the second largest microbial community after the gut and can impact the onset and progression of several localized and systemic diseases, including those of viral origin, especially for viruses entering the body via the oropharynx. However, this important aspect has not been clarified for the new pandemic human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19 disease, despite it being one of the many respiratory viruses having the oropharynx as the primary site of replication. In particular, no data are available about the non-bacterial components of the HOM (fungi, viruses), which instead has been shown to be crucial for other diseases. Consistent with this, this study aimed to define the HOM in COVID-19 patients, to evidence any association between its profile and the clinical disease. Seventy-five oral rinse samples were analyzed by Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) to simultaneously identify oral bacteria, fungi, and viruses. To correlate the HOM profile with local virus replication, the SARS-CoV-2 amount in the oral cavity was quantified by digital droplet PCR. Moreover, local inflammation and secretory immune response were also assessed, respectively by measuring the local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (L-6, IL-17, TNFα, and GM-CSF) and the production of secretory immunoglobulins A (sIgA). The results showed the presence of oral dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients compared to matched controls, with significantly decreased alpha-diversity value and lower species richness in COVID-19 subjects. Notably, oral dysbiosis correlated with symptom severity (p = 0.006), and increased local inflammation (p < 0.01). In parallel, a decreased mucosal sIgA response was observed in more severely symptomatic patients (p = 0.02), suggesting that local immune response is important in the early control of virus infection and that its correct development is influenced by the HOM profile. In conclusion, the data presented here suggest that the HOM profile may be important in defining the individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, facilitating inflammation and virus replication, or rather, inducing a protective IgA response. Although it is not possible to determine whether the alteration in the microbial community is the cause or effect of the SARS-CoV-2 replication, these parameters may be considered as markers for personalized therapy and vaccine development.

scholarly journals Influenza virus-like particles produced by transient expression inNicotiana benthamianainduce a protective immune response against a lethal viral challenge in mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 930-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-André D’Aoust ◽  
Pierre-Olivier Lavoie ◽  
Manon M.-J. Couture ◽  
Sonia Trépanier ◽  
Jean-Martin Guay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Transient Expression ◽  
Protective Immune Response ◽  
Viral Challenge ◽  
Virus Like Particles

Induction of protective immune response to intranasal administration of influenza virus‐like particles in a mouse model

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (9) ◽  
pp. 16643-16652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Keshavarz ◽  
Haideh Namdari ◽  
Yaser Arjeini ◽  
Hamed Mirzaei ◽  
Vahid Salimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Protective Immune Response ◽  
Virus Like Particles

Chimeric papillomavirus virus-like particles induce a murine self-antigen-specific protective and therapeutic antitumor immune response

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nieland ◽  
Diane M. Da Silva ◽  
Markwin P. Velders ◽  
Karin E. de Visser ◽  
John T. Schiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antitumor Immune Response ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Self Antigen

Humoral Immune Response Against Human Bocavirus VP2 Virus-Like Particles

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Lindner ◽  
Lüdya Karalar ◽  
Sandra Zehentmeier ◽  
Annelie Plentz ◽  
Heiko Pfister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Humoral Immune
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