scholarly journals Exploratory noise governs both flexibility and spontaneous errors and is regulated by cocaine

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Becket Ebitz ◽  
Brianna J. Sleezer ◽  
Hank P. Jedema ◽  
Charles W. Bradberry ◽  
Benjamin Y. Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Perseverative Error ◽  
Error Frequency ◽  
Strategic Value ◽  
Strategic Processes ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Lapse Rates ◽  
Set Shifting Task

SUMMARYIn many cognitive processes, lapses (spontaneous errors) are attributed to nuisance processes like sensorimotor noise or disengagement. However, some lapses could also be caused by exploratory noise: behavioral randomness that facilitates learning in changing environments. If so, strategic processes would need only up-regulate (rather than generate) exploration to adapt to a changing environment. This view predicts that lapse rates should be correlated with flexibility because they share a common cause. We report that when macaques performed a set-shifting task, lapse rates were negatively correlated with perseverative error frequency. Furthermore, chronic exposure to cocaine, which impairs cognitive flexibility, increased perseverative errors, but, surprisingly, improved overall performance by reducing lapse rates. We reconcile these results with a model in which cocaine decreased exploration by deepening attractor basins corresponding to rules. These results support the idea that exploratory noise contributes to lapses, meaning that it affects rule-based decision-making even when it has no strategic value.

Automatic and Strategic Processes in Advertising Effects

1996 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus G. Grunert
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Automatic Processes ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Product Involvement ◽  
High Involvement ◽  
Capacity Limitations ◽  
Brand Evaluation ◽  
Advertising Effects ◽  
Strategic Processes

The author distinguishes two kinds of cognitive processes: automatic processes, which are mostly subconscious, are learned and changed slowly and are not subject to the capacity limitations of working memory, and strategic processes, which are conscious, are subject to capacity limitations, and can easily be adapted to situational circumstances. The perception of advertising and the way it influences brand evaluation involves both processes. Automatic processes govern the recognition of advertising stimuli, the relevance decision that determines further higher-level processing, the retrieval of information, and the provision of a heuristic for brand evaluation. Strategic processes govern learning and inference formation. The relative importance of both types of processes depends on product involvement. The distinction of these two types of processes leads to some conclusions that are at variance with current notions about advertising effects. For example, the attention span problem is relevant only for strategic processes. A certain amount of learning can occur with little conscious effort, and advertising's effect on brand evaluation may be more stable for low- than for high-involvement products.

scholarly journals Automatic Intra-/Extra-Dimensional Attentional Set-Shifting Task in Adolescent Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariasole Ciampoli ◽  
Diego Scheggia ◽  
Francesco Papaleo
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Attentional Set ◽  
Attentional Set Shifting ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Set Shifting Task

Adolescence is a developmental period crucial for the maturation of higher-order cognitive functions. Indeed, adolescence deficits in executive functions are strong predictors of increased vulnerability to several mental disabilities later in life. Here, we tested adolescent mice in a fully-automated attentional set-shifting task equivalent to the humans’ Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Intra-/Extra-Dimensional set-shift task (ID/ED). Compared to an adult, adolescent mice required more time to complete the task (≈16 days), and a higher percentage failed to finish the entire task. Nevertheless, adolescent mice completing this demanding task showed an increased effort in solving the extradimensional shift stage (EDS) compared to previous stages. Moreover, we found that this paradigm can be used to detect early cognitive dysfunctions in adolescent genetically modified mice. Thus, this automatic paradigm provides a further tool to assess attentional control in adolescent mice, and the development of dysfunctional executive functions from adolescence to adulthood.

scholarly journals A Dynamic Framework for Modelling Set-Shifting Performances

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco D’Alessandro ◽  
Luigi Lombardi
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Longitudinal Component ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Dynamic Framework ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Substance Dependent ◽  
Set Shifting Task

Higher-order cognitive functions can be seen as a class of cognitive processes which are crucial in situations requiring a flexible adjustment of behaviour in response to changing demands of the environment. The cognitive assessment of these functions often relies on tasks which admit a dynamic, or longitudinal, component requiring participants to flexibly adapt their behaviour during the unfolding of the task. An intriguing feature of such experimental protocols is that they allow the performance of an individual to change as the task unfolds. In this work, we propose a Latent Markov Model approach to capture some dynamic aspects of observed response patterns of both healthy and substance dependent individuals in a set-shifting task. In particular, data from a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were analysed in order to represent performance trends in terms of latent cognitive states dynamics. The results highlighted how a dynamic modelling approach can considerably improve the amount of information a researcher, or a clinician, can obtain from the analysis of a set-shifting task.

P.1.j.013 NOS1ex1f-VNTR alters prefrontal activation in a set shifting task

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. S326-S327
Author(s):  
J. Kopf ◽  
A. Kamawal ◽  
T. Dresler ◽  
T. Hahn ◽  
P. Reicherts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Set Shifting ◽  
Set Shifting Task
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