scholarly journals Response of the multiple-demand network during simple stimulus discriminations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Wen ◽  
Daniel J Mitchell ◽  
John Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Stimulus Information ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Task Control ◽  
Attentional Switching ◽  
Rule Complexity

AbstractThe multiple-demand (MD) network is sensitive to many aspects of task difficulty, including such factors as rule complexity, memory load, attentional switching and inhibition. Many accounts link MD activity to top-down task control, raising the question of response when performance is limited by the quality of sensory input, and indeed, some prior results suggest little effect of sensory manipulations. Here we examined judgments of motion direction, manipulating difficulty by either motion coherence or salience of irrelevant dots. We manipulated each difficulty type across six levels, from very easy to very hard, and additionally manipulated whether difficulty level was blocked, and thus known in advance, or randomized. Despite the very large manipulations employed, difficulty had little effect on MD activity, especially for the coherence manipulation. Contrasting with these small or absent effects, we observed the usual increase of MD activity with increased rule complexity. We suggest that, for simple sensory discriminations, it may be impossible to compensate for reduced stimulus information by increased top-down control.

scholarly journals Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Cognitive Change With the Mobile Cognitive App Performance Platform

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 801-801
Author(s):  
Dawn Mechanic-Hamilton ◽  
Sean Lydon ◽  
Alexander Miller ◽  
Kimberly Halberstadter ◽  
Jacqueline Lane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Parahippocampal Cortex ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract This study investigates the psychometric properties of the mobile cognitive app performance platform (mCAPP), designed to detect memory changes associated with preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The mCAPP memory task includes learning and matching hidden card pairs and incorporates increasing memory load, pattern separation features, and spatial memory. Participants included 30 older adults with normal cognition. They completed the mCAPP, paper and pencil neuropsychological tests and a subset completed a high-resolution structural MRI. The majority of participants found the difficulty level of the mCAPP game to be “just right”. Accuracy on the mCAPP correlated with performance on memory and executive measures, while speed of performance on the mCAPP correlated with performance on attention and executive function measures. Longer trial duration correlated with measures of the parahippocampal cortex. The relationship of mCAPP variables with molecular biomarkers, at-home and burst testing, and development of additional cognitive measures will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Three Social Classroom Applications to Improve Student Attitudes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alf Inge Wang ◽  
Aleksander Aanesl. Elvemo ◽  
Vegard Gamnes
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Software Architecture ◽  
Student Attitudes ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Technical Quality ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The Difference

The paper presents results of a quasiexperiment where the three social classroom applications Post-It, WordCloud, and Categorizer were used in software architecture lectures. Post-It and WordCloud are applications that allow students to brainstorm or give comments related to a given topic. Categorizer is a puzzle game where the students are asked to place a number of terms in one of two correct categories. The three applications are multimodal HTML5 applications that enable students to interact in a classroom using their own digital devices, and the teacher’s laptop is used to display progress and results on the large screen. The focus of this study was to evaluate how the difference of these applications and how their integration into the lecture affected the students’ motivation, engagement, thinking, activity level, social interaction, creativity, enjoyment, attention, and learning. In addition, the study evaluated the usability and the technical quality of the applications. The results of the experiment show that the way such applications are integrated into a lecture highly affects the students’ attitude. The experiment also showed that the game-based application was on average better received among the students and that the students’ attitude was highly sensitive to the difficulty level of the game.

scholarly journals INSTRUMEN TES HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILL PADA MATERI KIMIA SMA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-149
Author(s):  
Etrie Jayanti
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Skill Test ◽  
Test Instrument

Abstract: According to demands of curriculum 2013, assessment carried out on school should have led to increasing of higher order thinking skill. The lack of availability of questions are specifically designed to develop student’s higher order thinking skill causes students are not really proficient in solving higher order thinking skill questions. This study was research and development research purposing to determine development steps and quality of higher order thinking skill test instrument in one of high schools chemistry topic, i.e. colloid. The process of developing a higher order thinking skill test instrument used a formative research designed by Tessmer through 4 stages, namely: preliminary, self-evaluation, prototyping (expert reviews, one-to-one and small group) and field test. The data were obtained from the results of filling out validation sheets by expert reviews, questionnaires filled out by students, and test/trial of higher order thinking skill test instrument on students. The results of the development were categorically valid logically and empirically. The reliability of the test instrument was 0,65 with the high category. The item’s difficulty level was in the medium category. Six questions had good distinguishing power and one question had enough distinguishing power. The higher order thinking skill of students were in excellent, good, adequate, lacking and very poor categories respectively: 15,14%;  12,12%;  42,42%;  24,24%;  6,06%.

Subjective Fatigue in Children and Adults

2018 ◽  
pp. 184-208
Author(s):  
Saransh Jain ◽  
Suma Raju
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Physical Fatigue ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Auditory Cognition ◽  
The Impact

Fatigue is a common yet poorly understood topic. The psychological, physiological, social, emotional, and cognitive wellbeing of a person may be affected due to fatigue. Despite a century of research in understanding the effect of fatigue on human systems, there is no concrete explanation as how fatigue affects the perception of speech. Fatigue impairs auditory cognition and the reduced cognitive abilities further increase mental and physical fatigue. Since cognition is markedly affected in individuals experiencing mental fatigue, its consequences are widespread. According to the top-down approach of auditory processing, there is a direct link between cognition and speech perception. Thus, in the present chapter, the influence of fatigue on perception is reviewed. It is noted that the impact of fatigue on cognition and quality of life is different for children and adults. Training in music, meditation, and exposure to more than one language are some of the measures that help to reduce the effect of fatigue and improve cognitive abilities in both children as well as in adults.

scholarly journals Non-violent resistance and the quality of democracy

2019 ◽  
pp. 073889421985591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix S Bethke ◽  
Jonathan Pinckney
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Quality Of Democracy ◽  
Democratic Quality ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
Positive Effect

Previous research has shown that successful non-violent resistance (NVR) campaigns promote democracy compared with violent revolutions and top-down liberalization. However, research to date has not examined the character and quality of the democratic regimes following NVR campaigns, or evaluated the mechanisms that produce this effect. In this paper, we address this gap by analyzing the effect of NVR on the quality of democracy, using the Polyarchy index from the Varieties of Democracies project and its sub-components: (1) elected executive; (2) free and fair elections; (3) freedom of expression; (4) associational autonomy; and (5) inclusive citizenship. Using kernel matching and differences-in-differences estimation we find that initiating a democratic transition through NVR improves democratic quality after transition significantly and substantially relative to cases without this characteristic. Our analysis of the Polyarchy index’s sub-components reveals that this positive effect comes about primarily owing to improvements in freedom of expression and associational autonomy. This finding speaks to the strength of NVR in promoting expressive dimensions of democracy.

scholarly journals Top-down business process development and execution using quality of service aspects

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Rosenberg ◽  
Anton Michlmayr ◽  
Schahram Dustdar
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Business Process ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Top Down

When Causality Does Not Imply Correlation: More Spadework at the Foundations of Scientific Psychology

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Marken ◽  
Brittany Horth
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Tracking Performance ◽  
Loop Model ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Mouse Movements

Experimental research in psychology is based on an open-loop causal model which assumes that sensory input causes behavioral output. This model was tested in a tracking experiment where participants were asked to control a cursor, keeping it aligned with a target by moving a mouse to compensate for disturbances of differing difficulty. Since cursor movements (inputs) are the only observable cause of mouse movements (outputs), the open-loop model predicts that there will be a correlation between input and output that increases as tracking performance improves. In fact, the correlation between sensory input and motor output is very low regardless of the quality of tracking performance; causality, in terms of the effect of input on output, does not seem to imply correlation in this situation. This surprising result can be explained by a closed-loop model which assumes that input is causing output while output is causing input.

scholarly journals A Content – Form Analysis of English Final Test Items for The Second Semester of The Eleventh Grade Students of SMA Negeri

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Wahyu Arta S ◽  
Abdul Asib ◽  
Dewi Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Data Sources ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Form Analysis ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Good Level ◽  
Level Of Difficulty ◽  
Descriptive Method

The objective of this study is to identify the quality of the test items<strong> </strong>used as a final test in the second semester for the eleventh grade students in SMA N in Magetan. This research used descriptive method. In collecting the data the writer used document (English final test items, syllabus, and students‟ answer sheets) as data sources. The data were analyzed by using the formula given by Ahmann and Glock. The results of this study shows that 57.5% of the total items have a good level in discriminating index, 45% of the items have fulfilled satisfactory criteria in difficulty level, 11 items had possessed the effective distracter, while the item‟s indicator 92.5 % of the items are compatible with the learning indicator mentioned in the syllabus, and in the construction aspect, 75% of the total items possess a good stem and 82.5% of the total items are able to fulfill all the aspects of good alternatives. In short, the items used as final test have good quality in constructing aspects, and its compatibility with the syllabus. However, some items are less effective viewed from its level of difficulty and the effectiveness of the disctracter aspect.

scholarly journals ANALISIS BUTIR SOAL UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER GANJIL MATA PELAJARAN SENI BUDAYA KELAS VII DI SMPN 5 PADANG TAHUN AJARAN 2019/2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Anggun Septiani Queenta ◽  
Yuliasma Yuliasma
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Discriminating Power ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
Question Item ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

AbstractThis study aims to determine the quality of question item of the Odd Mid-term Examination for Art and Culture subject in grade 7 of SMPN 5 Padang in Academic Year 2019/2020 in terms of validity, reliability, difficulty level, discriminating power and effectiveness of deceivers. This research is a quantitative descriptive research. The subjects in this study were all students (254 students) in grade 7. The object in this study was the question items of mid-term Exam, key answers, and participants' answers. The data were collected through documentation and interview. The data analysis was conducted by using the ANATES program version 4.0.9.The results of this study indicate that: (1) Based on validity, there are 45 valid questions (90%) and 5 invalid questions (10%). (2) Based on reliability, the items have high reliability which is 0.78. (3) Based on the level of difficulty, there are 6 difficult items (12%), 31 medium items (62%), and 13 easy items (26%). (4) Based on discriminating power, there is 1 question categorized as  a bad item (2%),  10 question categorized as pretty good items (20%), 23 question categorized as good items (46%), and 16 question categorized as very good items (32%). (5) Based on the effectiveness of the deception/distractor, there are 28 items functioning very well (36%), 17 items functioning well (34%), 4 items functioning quite well (8%), and 1 item functioning poorly (2% ). (6) Based on the quality of the questions, there are 27 items which are good in quality (54%), 15 items which are less good (30%), and 8 items which are not good (16%).Keywords: Item Analysis, Examination, ANATES version 4.0.9

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document