scholarly journals Symbiosis-related genes sustain the development of a downy mildew pathogen on Arabidopsis thaliana

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina K. Ried ◽  
Aline Banhara ◽  
Andreas Binder ◽  
Fang-Yu Hwu ◽  
Andrea A. Gust ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Induced Defence ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Marker Gene Expression ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
Hyaloperonospora Arabidopsidis

AbstractThe interfaces through which nutrients are transferred from plant cells to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and biotrophic hyphal pathogens are structurally similar. We report that in Arabidopsis thaliana, mutations in homologs of common symbiosis genes (CSGs) encoding homologs of the symbiosis receptor kinase SYMRK, the nucleoporins NUP133 and SEC13 or the cation channel POLLUX reduce the reproductive success of Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). Analysis of the multiplication of extracellular bacterial pathogens, Hpa-induced cell death or callose accumulation, as well as Hpa-or flg22-induced defence marker gene expression, did not reveal any traces of constitutive or exacerbated defence responses. We discovered an age-dependent, possibly senescence-related transition of haustorial shape that occurred significantly earlier and at higher frequency in the CSG mutants. These findings point to a function of the homologs of common symbiosis genes in haustorial maintenance thus revealing an overlapping gene set for the intracellular accommodation of hyphal symbionts and pathogens.

High glucose-associated osmolality promotes adipocytogenic differentiation of primary rat osteoblasts in a protein kinase A and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent manner

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Pu Feng ◽  
Jianhong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Protein Kinase A ◽  
Real Time ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase ◽  
Marker Gene Expression ◽  
Kinase A

AbstractIncreased risk of osteoporosis in patients with diabetes mellitus may be related to hyperglycemia. However, the potential mechanisms accounting for diabetic bone disorder remain unresolved. The present study investigated the effects of high glucose-associated osmolality on differentiation of primary rat calvarial osteoblasts. Osteoblastogenic differentiation was determined by bone nodule staining for mineralization assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for type I collagen production and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for osteoblastogenic marker gene expression. Adipocytogenic differentiation was assessed by oil red O staining for lipid accumulation and real-time PCR for adipocytogenic marker gene expression. The phosphorylations of protein kinase A (PKA) and Akt were measured with or without specific inhibitors to confirm osmolality involved signalling pathways. The results showed that high glucose-associated osmolality significantly promoted adipocytogenic differentiation, manifested by increased lipid droplet formation and gene expression of adipocytogenic markers including adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2), adipsin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Meanwhile, high glucose-associated osmolality inhibited osteoblastogenic differentiation, characterized by decreased collagen I protein production and cell mineralization, as well as gene expression of osteoblastogenic markers including collagen I, osteocalcin and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). More importantly, we demonstrated for the first time that high glucose-associated osmolality induced adipocytogenic differentiation and suppressed osteoblastogenic differentiation in a PKA and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-dependent manner. These results indicated that osmolality was involved in high glucose-induced osteoblast trans-differentiation into adipocyte-like cell and suppression of cellular osmolality could provide novel therapeutic approach for diabetic osteopenia.

scholarly journals Asymmetric Interaction between Aphis spiraecola and Toxoptera citricida on Sweet Orange Induced by Pre-Infestation

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Jing Gao ◽  
Steve Arthurs ◽  
Runqian Mao
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Marker Gene Expression ◽  
Aphis Spiraecola ◽  
Toxoptera Citricida

Indirect interactions between herbivorous insects that share the same host have been focused on insects feeding on herbaceous plants, while few studies investigate similar interactions on woody plants. We investigated performance and feeding behavior of two citrus aphids, Aphis spiraecola Patch and Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy, on sweet orange as affected by prior infestation of conspecifics and heterospecifics. Results showed that pre-infestation-induced interactions between A. spiraecola and T. citricida were asymmetric, with A. spiraecola gaining more fitness. In detail, pre-infestation by A. spiraecola decreased adult weight, enhanced survival rate and accelerated phloem sap acceptance of conspecifics. However, A. spiraecola pre-infestation did not affect performance or feeding behavior of T. citricida. In another infestation sequence, the pre-infestation of T. citricida did not affect conspecifics, but positively affected heterospecifics, indicated as a decreased pre-reproductive period, enhanced survival rate, adult weight, fecundity, and feeding efficiency, i.e., faster access and acceptance of phloem sap, and longer phloem sap ingestion duration. Furthermore, we found A. spiraecola pre-infestation enhanced amino acid concentration, amino acid to sugar ratio, activated salicylic acid and jasmonic acid marker gene expression, while T. citricida pre-infestation only depressed jasmonic acid marker gene expression. Changes in nutrient and phytohormone-dependent defense probably underlie the asymmetric effect.

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