scholarly journals Roles of Vitamin Metabolizing Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Plasmids of Superbugs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asit Kumar Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Oral Antibiotics ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Signalling System ◽  
R Plasmids ◽  
Luminal Cells ◽  
Mdr Genes

AbstractSuperbug crisis has rocked this world with million deaths due to failure of potent antibiotics. Thousands mdr genes with hundreds of mutant isomers are generated. Small integrons and R-plasmids have combined with F’-plasmids creating a space for >10-20 of mdr genes that inactivate antibiotics in different mechanisms. Mdr genes are created to save bacteria from antibiotics because gut microbiota synthesize >20 vitamins and complex bio-molecules needed for >30000 biochemical reactions of human metabolosome. In other words, mdr gene creation is protected from both sides, intestinal luminal cells and gut bacteria in a tight symbiotic signalling system. We have proposed, to avert the crisis all vitamin metabolizing genes will be acquired in MDR- plasmids if we continue oral antibiotics therapy. Therefore, we have checked the plasmid databases and have detected thiamine, riboflavin, folate, cobalamine and biotin metabolizing enzymes in MDR plasmids. Thusvitgenes may mobilise recently into MDR-plasmids and are likely essential for gut microbiota protection. Analysis found thatcobandthigenes are abundant and likely very essential than other vit genes.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Modulation for Multidrug-Resistant Organism Decolonization: Present and Future Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Gargiullo ◽  
Federica Del Chierico ◽  
Patrizia D’Argenio ◽  
Lorenza Putignani
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Future Perspectives

scholarly journals Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis of Microbiota Promotes Chicken Lipogenesis by Altering Metabolomics in the Cecum

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Hao Ding ◽  
Lan Chen ◽  
Yueyue Lin ◽  
Yongshuang Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
16S Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Oral Antibiotics ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
Metabolite Network

Elucidation of the mechanism of lipogenesis and fat deposition is essential for controlling excessive fat deposition in chicken. Studies have shown that gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating host lipogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, the function of gut microbiota in the lipogenesis of chicken and their relevant mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, the gut microbiota of chicken was depleted by oral antibiotics. Changes in cecal microbiota and metabolomics were detected by 16S rRNA sequencing and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with MS/MS (UHPLC–MS/MS) analysis. The correlation between antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolites and lipogenesis were analysed. We found that oral antibiotics significantly promoted the lipogenesis of chicken. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that oral antibiotics significantly reduced the diversity and richness and caused dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Specifically, the abundance of Proteobacteria was increased considerably while the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were significantly decreased. At the genus level, the abundances of genera Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella were significantly increased while the abundances of 12 genera were significantly decreased, including Bacteroides. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota significantly altered cecal metabolomics and caused declines in abundance of 799 metabolites and increases in abundance of 945 metabolites. Microbiota-metabolite network revealed significant correlations between 4 differential phyla and 244 differential metabolites as well as 15 differential genera and 304 differential metabolites. Three metabolites of l-glutamic acid, pantothenate acid and N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid were identified as potential metabolites that link gut microbiota and lipogenesis in chicken. In conclusion, our results showed that antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota promotes lipogenesis of chicken by altering relevant metabolomics. The efforts in this study laid a basis for further study of the mechanisms that gut microbiota regulates lipogenesis and fat deposition of chicken.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Prevents Sugar Alcohol-Induced Diarrhea

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2029
Author(s):  
Kouya Hattori ◽  
Masahiro Akiyama ◽  
Natsumi Seki ◽  
Kyosuke Yakabe ◽  
Koji Hase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Sugar Alcohol ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Phosphotransferase System ◽  
Sugar Alcohols ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rdna Analysis

While poorly-absorbed sugar alcohols such as sorbitol are widely used as sweeteners, they may induce diarrhea in some individuals. However, the factors which determine an individual’s susceptibility to sugar alcohol-induced diarrhea remain unknown. Here, we show that specific gut bacteria are involved in the suppression of sorbitol-induced diarrhea. Based on 16S rDNA analysis, the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria increased in response to sorbitol consumption. We found that Escherichia coli of the family Enterobacteriaceae degraded sorbitol and suppressed sorbitol-induced diarrhea. Finally, we showed that the metabolism of sorbitol by the E. coli sugar phosphotransferase system helped suppress sorbitol-induced diarrhea. Therefore, gut microbiota prevented sugar alcohol-induced diarrhea by degrading sorbitol in the gut. The identification of the gut bacteria which respond to and degrade sugar alcohols in the intestine has implications for microbiome science, processed food science, and public health.

The interplay between gut microbiota and the immune system in liver transplant recipients and its role in infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Ancona ◽  
Laura Alagna ◽  
Andrea Lombardi ◽  
Emanuele Palomba ◽  
Valeria Castelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Liver Transplant ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Liver Transplant Recipients

Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving strategy for patients with end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and acute liver failure. LT success can be hampered by several short-term and long-term complications. Among them, bacterial infections, especially due to multidrug-resistant germs, are particularly frequent with a prevalence between 19 and 33% in the first 100 days after transplantation. In the last decades, a number of studies have highlighted how gut microbiota (GM) is involved in several essential functions to ensure the intestinal homeostasis, becoming one of the most important virtual metabolic organs. GM works through different axes with other organs, and the gut-liver axis is among the most relevant and investigated ones. Any alteration or disruption of GM is defined as dysbiosis. Peculiar phenotypes of GM dysbiosis have been associated to several liver conditions and complications, such as chronic hepatitis, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, there is growing evidence of the crucial role of GM in shaping the immune response, both locally and systemically, against pathogens. This paves the way to the manipulation of GM as a therapeutic instrument to modulate the infectious risk and outcome. In this minireview we provide an overview of the current understanding on the interplay between gut microbiota and the immune system in liver transplant recipients and the role of the former in infections.

scholarly journals Gut Bacteria Shared by Children and Their Mothers Associate with Developmental Level and Social Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Chen ◽  
Hui Fang ◽  
Chunyan Li ◽  
Guojun Wu ◽  
Ting Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Developmental Level ◽  
Social Deficits ◽  
Microbial Structure

Gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis and development of autism spectrum disorder. The maternal gut microbiota influences offspring gut microbial structure and composition.

scholarly journals Wild Apple-Associated Fungi and Bacteria Compete to Colonize the Larval Gut of an Invasive Wood-Borer Agrilus mali in Tianshan Forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tohir A. Bozorov ◽  
Zokir O. Toshmatov ◽  
Gulnaz Kahar ◽  
Daoyuan Zhang ◽  
Hua Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Antifungal Compound ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Malus Sieversii ◽  
Wood Borer

The gut microflora of insects plays important roles throughout their lives. Different foods and geographic locations change gut bacterial communities. The invasive wood-borer Agrilus mali causes extensive mortality of wild apple, Malus sieversii, which is considered a progenitor of all cultivated apples, in Tianshan forests. Recent analysis showed that the gut microbiota of larvae collected from Tianshan forests showed rich bacterial diversity but the absence of fungal species. In this study, we explored the antagonistic ability of the gut bacteria to address this absence of fungi in the larval gut. The results demonstrated that the gut bacteria were able to selectively inhibit wild apple tree-associated fungi. Among them, Pseudomonas synxantha showed strong antagonistic ability, producing antifungal compounds. Using different analytical methods, such as column chromatography, mass spectrometry, HPLC, and NMR, an antifungal compound, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), was identified. Activity of the compound was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method and electron microscopy. Moreover, our study showed that the gut bacteria could originate from noninfested apple microflora during infestation. Overall, the results showed that in newly invaded locations, A. mali larvae changed their gut microbiota and adopted new gut bacteria that prevented fungal colonization in the gut.

scholarly journals The gut microbiota: a major player in the toxicity of environmental pollutants?

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine P Claus ◽  
Hervé Guillou ◽  
Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Environmental Contaminants ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bacteria ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship

Abstract Exposure to environmental chemicals has been linked to various health disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer and dysregulation of the immune and reproductive systems, whereas the gastrointestinal microbiota critically contributes to a variety of host metabolic and immune functions. We aimed to evaluate the bidirectional relationship between gut bacteria and environmental pollutants and to assess the toxicological relevance of the bacteria–xenobiotic interplay for the host. We examined studies using isolated bacteria, faecal or caecal suspensions—germ-free or antibiotic-treated animals—as well as animals reassociated with a microbiota exposed to environmental chemicals. The literature indicates that gut microbes have an extensive capacity to metabolise environmental chemicals that can be classified in five core enzymatic families (azoreductases, nitroreductases, β-glucuronidases, sulfatases and β-lyases) unequivocally involved in the metabolism of >30 environmental contaminants. There is clear evidence that bacteria-dependent metabolism of pollutants modulates the toxicity for the host. Conversely, environmental contaminants from various chemical families have been shown to alter the composition and/or the metabolic activity of the gastrointestinal bacteria, which may be an important factor contributing to shape an individual’s microbiotype. The physiological consequences of these alterations have not been studied in details but pollutant-induced alterations of the gut bacteria are likely to contribute to their toxicity. In conclusion, there is a body of evidence suggesting that gut microbiota are a major, yet underestimated element that must be considered to fully evaluate the toxicity of environmental contaminants.

Camel Milk Exosomes Potentiate The Anticancer Effect of Doxorubicin on Multidrug-Resistant Human Leukemia Hl60 Cells in Vitro and in Vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 3313-3320
Author(s):  
Rashad Qasem Ali Othman ◽  
Abdelnaser A. Badawy ◽  
Mohammed M. Alruwaili ◽  
Mohammed A. El-magd
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Camel Milk ◽  
Human Leukemia ◽  
Anticancer Effect ◽  
Hl60 Cells ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Mdr Genes

Background: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the strategies developed by cancer cells to inhibit the anticancer potential of the majority of chemotherapeutic agents and almost results in treatment failure. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of camel milk exosomes (CME) on multidrug-resistant human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells (HL60/RS) and to investigate whether this CME could potentiate the anticancer effect of Doxorubicin (DOX) and decrease its side effects. Results: CME alone or combined with DOX significantly induced HL60/RS cell viability loss, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and downregulated MDR genes (Abcb1, Abcc1, Abcg2) as compared to cells treated with DOX alone. Additionally, CME and DOX co-treated nude mice had the lowest tumor volume, Abcb1, Abcc1, Abcg2, and Bcl2 expression, and the highest Bax and caspase3 expression in HL60/RS xenografts. This combined therapy also decreased DOX adverse effects as revealed by decreased liver damage enzymes and lipid peroxide (MDA) and increased hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx). Conclusion: CME increased sensitivity of HL60/RS to DOX through, at least in part, reduction of MDR genes, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Thus, CME may be used as safe adjuvants to DOX during cancer treatment. Keywords: Camel milk exosomes; Myeloid leukemia; HL60; Apoptosis; MDR

scholarly journals Diversified mcr-1 -Harbouring Plasmid Reservoirs Confer Resistance to Colistin in Human Gut Microbiota

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiyan Ye ◽  
Yihui Li ◽  
Zhencui Li ◽  
Rongsui Gao ◽  
Han Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sequence Mapping ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Conventional Idea

ABSTRACT Colistin is an ultimate line of refuge against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Very recently, the emergence of plasmid-mediated mcr-1 colistin resistance has become a great challenge to global public health, raising the possibility that dissemination of the mcr-1 gene is underestimated and diversified. Here, we report three cases of plasmid-carried MCR-1 colistin resistance in isolates from gut microbiota of diarrhea patients. Structural and functional analyses determined that the colistin resistance is conferred purely by the single mcr-1 gene. Genetic and sequence mapping revealed that mcr-1 -harbouring plasmid reservoirs are present in diversity. Together, the data represent the first evidence of diversity in mcr-1 -harbouring plasmid reservoirs of human gut microbiota. IMPORTANCE The plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance gene ( mcr-1 ) challenged greatly the conventional idea mentioned above that colistin is an ultimate line of refuge against lethal infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. It is a possibility that diversified dissemination of the mcr-1 gene might be greatly underestimated. We report three cases of plasmid-carried MCR-1 colistin resistance in isolates from gut microbiota of diarrhea patients and functionally define the colistin resistance conferred purely by the single mcr-1 gene. Genetic and sequence mapping revealed unexpected diversity among the mcr-1 -harbouring plasmid reservoirs of human gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Potential Role for the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Host Circadian Rhythms and Metabolic Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanthi Parkar ◽  
Andries Kalsbeek ◽  
James Cheeseman
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Daily Rhythmicity ◽  
Good Sleep

This article reviews the current evidence associating gut microbiota with factors that impact host circadian-metabolic axis, such as light/dark cycles, sleep/wake cycles, diet, and eating patterns. We examine how gut bacteria possess their own daily rhythmicity in terms of composition, their localization to intestinal niches, and functions. We review evidence that gut bacteria modulate host rhythms via microbial metabolites such as butyrate, polyphenolic derivatives, vitamins, and amines. Lifestyle stressors such as altered sleep and eating patterns that may disturb the host circadian system also influence the gut microbiome. The consequent disruptions to microbiota-mediated functions such as decreased conjugation of bile acids or increased production of hydrogen sulfide and the resultant decreased production of butyrate, in turn affect substrate oxidation and energy regulation in the host. Thus, disturbances in microbiome rhythms may at least partially contribute to an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment. Good sleep and a healthy diet appear to be essential for maintaining gut microbial balance. Manipulating daily rhythms of gut microbial abundance and activity may therefore hold promise for a chrononutrition-based approach to consolidate host circadian rhythms and metabolic homeorhesis.

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