scholarly journals Confidence as a diagnostic tool for perceptual aftereffects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regan M. Gallagher ◽  
Thomas Suddendorf ◽  
Derek H. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Subjective Uncertainty ◽  
The World ◽  
Subjective Confidence ◽  
Sensory Encoding ◽  
The Mind

AbstractPerceptual judgements are, by nature, a product of both sensation and the cognitive processes responsible for interpreting and reporting subjective experiences. Changed perceptual judgements may thus result from changes in how the world appears (perception), or subsequent interpretation (cognition). This ambiguity has led to persistent debates about how to interpret changes in decision-making, and if cognition can change how the world looks, or sounds, or feels. Here we introduce an approach that can help resolve these ambiguities. In three motion-direction experiments, we measured perceptual judgements and subjective confidence. Sensory encoding changes (i.e. the motion-direction aftereffect) impacted each measure equally, as the perceptual evidence informing both responses had changed. However, decision changes dissociated from reports of subjective uncertainty when non-perceptual effects changed decision-making. Our findings show that subjective confidence can provide important information about the cause of aftereffects, and can help inform us about the organisation of the mind.

Massive Modularity

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Functional Modules ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Massive Modularity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind

The objective of the article is to discuss the evolution, hypothesis, and some the more prominent arguments for massive modularity (MM). MM is the hypothesis that the human mind is largely or entirely composed from a great many modules. Modules are functionally characterizable cognitive mechanisms that tend to possess several features, which include domain-specificity, informationally encapsulation, innateness, inaccessibility, shallow outputs, and mandatory operation. The final thesis that comprises MM mentions that modules are found not merely at the periphery of the mind but also in the central regions responsible for such higher cognitive capacities as reasoning and decision-making. The central cognition depends on a great many functional modules that are not themselves composable into larger more inclusive systems. One of the families of arguments for MM focuses on a range of problems that are familiar from the history of cognitive science such as problems that concern the computational tractability of cognitive processes. The arguments may vary considerably in detail but they share a common format. First, they proceed from the assumption that cognitive processes are classical computational ones. Second, given the assumption that cognitive processes are computational ones, intractability arguments seek to undermine non-modular accounts of cognition by establishing the intractability thesis.

scholarly journals LINGUISTIC MEANING AS A PART OF THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE WORLD

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Maciejczak
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
System A ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind

The paper deals with the concept of the model of the word. It concerns a pre-linguistic stage of language acquisition, descriptive content of proper names and interpretation by means of a conceptual system. The model of the world comprises all aspects of being conscious. It is a system, a unity, a background of our conscious life; perception, language, notions, concepts, are its aspects. The more we know about cognitive processes, functions and structure of the mind, the be$er we understand the nature of language; the more we know about language, the better we understand the nature of the mind. Linguistic meaning as it was shown by the studies of language and categories acquisition, has its origin in the aforementioned model. That is why linguistic meanings are not ready-made contents, ideas, semantic entities, etc. but rather systems of procedures that constitute sense of speech acts. The approach to linguistic meaning as a part of an individual conceptual system, a system of information that mirrors cognitive, linguistic and non-verbal experience of an individual, is much of help in understanding efficacy of language, forming of beliefs, convictions, and also introducing new meanings.

scholarly journals Thinking, Deciding, Acting: Gaps and Relations

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aistė Diržytė
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Media ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Perceptual Distortion ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Effort Reduction

In the first part of this essay the author points to possible gaps and relations between cognitive (thinking, reasoning, decision making) and behavioural (acting) processes. Mainstream cognitive sciences assume that thinking might result in decision making which might result in acting: i.e. cognitive processes are related to behavioural processes. Perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality might lead to destructive behaviours on personal or societal levels. It is noted that some researchers focus on mediating/moderating factors and correlations between thinking, decision making and acting, while others focus on gaps. In the second part the author reviews the articles presented in this issue and questions as they have been discussed by others: heuristics as a method that uses principles of effort-reduction and simplification, hermeneutics of values based on Max Weber concepts, Bakhtin’s ideas on philosophy of the act and diachronic, dialogistic linguistic activities, phenomenology of solidarity implying that the acts determine experience of the world in modi ‘we’, Heidegger’s thinking, assuming the vital link between practical and ontological aspects of Heideggerian phenomenology, the evidence on theory and practice of new media and the development of concepts of creativity.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Vector-Borne Diseases Using MCDM Techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1367-1375
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Vikor Technique

Vector -borne diseases (VBDs) are one of the major problems of human are affecting adversely to people each year in every part of the world. In this work multiple decision-making technique is used to provide a better diagnosis for VBDs. It evaluates alternative diseases having contradictory symptoms. It is very tough to exactly determine crsiteria weight as well as rating of alternatives (diseases) on each criterion. Here VIKOR approach is applied for medical diagnosis of VBDs such as malaria, chikungunya, and dengue, and also used the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) theory to explain this concept. Furthermore, criteria selected according to relevant disease and weights assigned to them by medical experts. In order to accomplish the objective, patients’ data has been acquired using a questionnaire from three medical experts of Delhi region. The study shows that final outcomes are same as diagnosed by doctors regarding actual diseases as that by employing VIKOR technique based on questionnaire information. Thus, MCDM methodology can help in correct and timely diagnosis of VBDs and provides doctors a scientific diagnostic tool.

scholarly journals Analysis of facial expression movements and the phenomenon of frontal asymmetry as the basis for automation of the research of hidden cognitive attitudes. Some basic remarks

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-133
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Sołoducha
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Frontal Asymmetry ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
The World ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
Cognitive Attitudes ◽  
Opinion Polls

Abstract The aim of this text is to show how, using the achievements of modern computer science, psychology and neurobiology, we can search for an answer to the question about the a priori mechanisms of shaping a phenomenal image of reality given by experience. This phenomenalism statement is very close to, so called, Bayesian model of mind by Karl Friesen. The author asks how in massive scale to reach the cognitive processes taking place without representation, outside the field of consciousness, which influence the formation of this model of the world. The result of the consideration is to be a neuromachine project whose task will be to automate and mass research of hidden cognitive attitudes. Its activity is to become a real alternative to opinion polls performed in the paradigm of the so-called declarative sociology, which do not provide results significantly reducing the risk of decision-making in management.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Medical Diagnosis from a Clinician’s Point of View

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
F. T. De Dombal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
The World

This paper discusses medical diagnosis from the clinicians point of view. The aim of the paper is to identify areas where computer science and information science may be of help to the practising clinician. Collection of data, analysis, and decision-making are discussed in turn. Finally, some specific recommendations are made for further joint research on the basis of experience around the world to date.

Nihilistic Thinking as the Self-Will of the Mind and the Projects of Its Overcoming

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Irina N. Sidorenko
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Spatial Perspective ◽  
The World ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Radical Transformation

 The author analyzes the conceptions of ontological nihilism in the works of S. Kierkegaard, F. Nietzsche, M. Heidegger, E. Jünger. On the basis of this analysis, violence is defined as a manifestation of nihilism, of the “will to nothingness” and hypertrophy of the self-will of man. The article demonstrates the importance of the problem of nihilism. The nihilistic thinking of modern man is expressed in the attitude toward a radical transformation of the world from the position of his “absolute” righteousness. The paradox of the current situation is that there is the reverse side of this transformative activity, when there is only the appearance of action and the dilution of responsibility. Confidence in the rightness of own views and beliefs increases the risk of the violent imposition of own vision of reality. Historical and philosophical reconstruction of the conceptions of nihilism allowed to reveal the following projects of its comprehension and resolution: (1) the project of “positing of values,” which consists in the transformation of the evaluation, which is understood as another perspective of positing values, leading to the affirmation of being; (2) the project of overcoming nihilism from the space of temporality, carried out through the resoluteness to accept the historicity of own existence; (3) the project of overcoming nihilism as the oblivion of being from the spatial perspective of the “line,” allowing to realize the “glimpse” of being. The author concludes that it is impossible to solve the problem of violence and its various forms of its manifestation without overcoming “ontological nihilism.” Significant role in solving the problem of ontological violence is assigned to philosophy as a critical and responsible form of thinking, which is capable to help a person to bear the burden of the world, to provide meanings and affirm being, as well as to unite people and resist the fundamentalist claims of exclusivity and rightness.

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