scholarly journals Prospective control of movement in the basal ganglia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Lee ◽  
Apostolos P. Georgopoulos ◽  
Gert-Jan Pepping
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Prospective Control ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Tau Theory ◽  
General Tau Theory ◽  
Temporal Profiles

AbstractNeural systems control purposeful movements both within an animal’s body (e.g., pumping blood) and in the environment (e.g., reaching). This is vital for all animals. The movement control functions of globus pallidus (GP), subthalamic nucleus (STN) and zona incerta (ZI) were analyzed in monkeys reaching for seen targets. Temporal profiles of their hand movements and the synchronized pattern of neuropower (rate of flow of electrochemical energy) through the basal ganglia were analyzed in terms of general tau theory of movement control (Lee et al., 2009), using the variable rho (=1/tau). The results suggest: (i) the neuroinformation for controlling movement is the relative-rate-of-change, rho, of neuropower in the nervous system; (ii) GP is involved in creating prescriptive rhos of neuropower to guide movements; (iii) STN is involved in registering perceptual rhos of neuropower to monitor the movement; (iv) ZI is involved in combining the prescriptive and perceptual rhos of neuropower to generate performatory rhos of neuropower to activate the muscles to produce the movement. Possible implications for Parkinson’s disease are discussed.

scholarly journals Function of basal ganglia in tauG-guiding action

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Lee ◽  
Apostolos P. Georgopoulos ◽  
Gert-Jan Pepping
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Directed Movement ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Electrochemical Energy

AbstractNervous systems control purposeful movement, both within and outside the body, which is essential for the survival of an animal. The movement control functions of globus pallidus (GP), subthalamic nucleus (STN) and zona incerta (ZI) were analyzed in monkeys reaching for seen targets. Temporal profiles of the hand movements of monkeys and the synchronized flow of electrochemical energy through these basal ganglia were analyzed in terms of a theory of goal-directed movement. Theoretical and empirical analysis indicated: (i) the neural information for controlling movement is the relative-rate-of-change of flow of electrochemical energy in neurons rather than the flow itself; (ii) GP is involved in creating prospective electrochemical flow to guide movement; (iii) STN is involved in registering the perceptual electrochemical flow monitoring the movement; (iv) ZI is involved in integrating the prospective and perceptual electrochemical flows to power the muscles and thence the movement. Possible implications for PD are discussed.

scholarly journals Improving tauG-control of action in PD

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjaman Schögler ◽  
Rachel Polokoff ◽  
Gert-Jan Pepping ◽  
Jon Perkins ◽  
David N Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Theory Of Action ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Mathematical Function ◽  
Abnormal Movements ◽  
Lateral Body ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tau Theory ◽  
General Tau Theory

AbstractA theory of action control (General Tau Theory) is applied to analyzing normal and abnormal movements in PD; and to designing and testing the efficacy of a sonic aid for PD. A central aspect of the theory, which is supported by experimental evidence across a variety of actions and species, is that the trajectories of competent skilled actions follow a particular temporal pattern, which is described by the mathematical function, tauG. Since tauG-control of actions can be largely deficient in PD, we designed a device that generates whoop-like sounds, where the fundamental frequency of the sound follows the tauG pattern. Our hypothesis was that by listening to these sounds the nervous system of someone with PD might be helped subsequently to self-generate tauG patterns in their nervous system, which might facilitate movement control in different situations. Five adults with PD, and five age-matched controls, took part in the study. They each listened to the sounds under two conditions: (a) experimental - turning a handle for 5 minutes while the sounds were played (b) control - turning the handle without the sounds. Before and after each condition, the tauG-control of lateral body sway while standing was measured (without the sounds playing), using force-plates, on two tasks: (i) keeping the feet down, (ii) lifting the trailing foot. The number of participants out of five, who showed greater ratio improvement following practice with whoop sounds compared to without sounds, was, on each task, high for the PDs compared with the age-matched controls (4 vs 2 or 3). Thus, for the PDs, listening to the tauG whoop-like sounds while performing one action (handle turning) improved subsequent tauG-control on a different task (body-swaying).

scholarly journals Selection Response in Finite Populations

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 1961-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Wei ◽  
Armando Caballero ◽  
William G Hill
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Model Account

Formulae were derived to predict genetic response under various selection schemes assuming an infinitesimal model. Account was taken of genetic drift, gametic (linkage) disequilibrium (Bulmer effect), inbreeding depression, common environmental variance, and both initial segregating variance within families (σAW02) and mutational (σM2) variance. The cumulative response to selection until generation t(CRt) can be approximated asCRt≈R0[t−β(1−σAW∞2σAW02)t24Ne]−Dt2Ne,where Ne is the effective population size, σAW∞2=NeσM2 is the genetic variance within families at the steady state (or one-half the genic variance, which is unaffected by selection), and D is the inbreeding depression per unit of inbreeding. R  0 is the selection response at generation 0 assuming preselection so that the linkage disequilibrium effect has stabilized. β is the derivative of the logarithm of the asymptotic response with respect to the logarithm of the within-family genetic variance, i.e., their relative rate of change. R  0 is the major determinant of the short term selection response, but σM2, Ne and β are also important for the long term. A selection method of high accuracy using family information gives a small Ne and will lead to a larger response in the short term and a smaller response in the long term, utilizing mutation less efficiently.

Time course of changes in albumin synthesis and mRNA in diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. E656-E663 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Peavy ◽  
J. M. Taylor ◽  
L. S. Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Albumin Synthesis ◽  
Albumin Mrna

Albumin synthesis in rat liver in vivo decreased from 12.7 to 2.2% of total protein synthesis during the first 3 days after the induction of diabetes and then remained relatively constant at this depressed rate for another 3 days. Insulin treatment begun on the 3rd day after the induction of diabetes restored albumin synthesis to control values within 3 days. Hybridization of total polyadenylate-containing RNA with a specific albumin cDNA probe revealed a close correspondence between the relative abundance of albumin mRNA and the relative rate of albumin synthesis after induction of diabetes and in response to insulin treatment. The apparent half-life of albumin mRNA, based on the rate of change of the message from one steady-state level to another, was approximately 22 h in both diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Diabetes of 3-day duration had no effect on the average sizes of total and albumin-synthesizing polysomes or on the ribosomal half-transit time for total protein and albumin. However, the number of albumin-synthesizing polysomes decreased as a result of diabetes to approximately one-third the number found in control livers. Taken together the results indicate that albumin synthesis was regulated by the availability of albumin mRNA and not by alterations in degradation, sequestration, or translation of message.

Relative rate of change of a function

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Kotlyar
Keyword(s):  
Relative Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change

Relative rate of change in cognitive score network dynamics via Bayesian hierarchical models reveal spatial patterns of neurodegeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (21) ◽  
pp. 2695-2713
Author(s):  
Marcela I. Cespedes ◽  
James M. McGree ◽  
Christopher C. Drovandi ◽  
Kerrie Mengersen ◽  
Jurgen Fripp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Network Dynamics ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical Models ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Cognitive Score ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical

scholarly journals Action, time and the basal ganglia

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1637) ◽  
pp. 20120473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry H. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Feedback Circuit ◽  
Velocity Control ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Reference Signals ◽  
Action Time ◽  
Recent Experimental Work ◽  
Action Timing

The ability to control the speed of movement is compromised in neurological disorders involving the basal ganglia, a set of subcortical cerebral nuclei that receive prominent dopaminergic projections from the midbrain. For example, bradykinesia, slowness of movement, is a major symptom of Parkinson's disease, whereas rapid tics are observed in patients with Tourette syndrome. Recent experimental work has also implicated dopamine (DA) and the basal ganglia in action timing. Here, I advance the hypothesis that the basal ganglia control the rate of change in kinaesthetic perceptual variables. In particular, the sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia network implements a feedback circuit for the control of movement velocity. By modulating activity in this network, DA can change the gain of velocity reference signals. The lack of DA thus reduces the output of the velocity control system which specifies the rate of change in body configurations, slowing the transition from one body configuration to another.

scholarly journals Spinal reflexive movement follows General Tau Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Bahadori ◽  
Paola Cesari ◽  
Cathy M Craig ◽  
Mehran Emadi Andani
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Involuntary Movement ◽  
Closure Rate ◽  
Strongly Coupled ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Tau Theory ◽  
General Tau Theory ◽  
Neural Energy ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Tau theory explains how both intrinsically and perceptually guided movements are controlled by the brain. According to general tau theory, voluntary, self-paced human movements are controlled by coupling the tau of the movement (i.e. the rate of closure of the movement gap at its current closure rate) onto an intrinsically generated tau-guide (Lee, 1998). To date there are no studies that have looked at involuntary movements, which are directly guided by innate patterns of neural energy generated at the level of the spinal cord or brain, and that can be explained by general tau theory. This study examines the guidance of an involuntary movement generated by the Patellar reflex in presence of a minimized gravitational field. Results The results showed that the Patellar reflexive movement is strongly coupled to an intrinsic tau-guide particularly when the limb is not moving in the direction of gravity. Conclusion These results suggest that the same principles of control underpin both voluntary and involuntary movements irrespective of whether they are generated in the brain or the spinal cord. Secondly, given that movements like the patellar reflex are visible from infancy, one might conclude that tau-guidance is an innate form of motor control, or neural blueprint, that has evolved over time.

scholarly journals Monitoring the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, South Korea, Italy and USA through the net relative rate of infection of the total number of confirmed cases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao Manoel Losada Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
And Control ◽  
Near Future

Managing the COVID-19 pandemic in the middle of the events requires real-time monitoring of its evolution to perform analyses of containment actions and to project near future scenarios. This work proposes a scheme to monitor the temporal evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic using the time series of its total number of confirmed cases in a given region. The monitored parameter is the spread rate obtained from this time series (day-1) expressed in %/day. The scheme's capability is verified using the epidemic data from China and South Korea. Its projection capability is shown for Italy and United States with scenarios for the ensuing 30 days from April 2nd, 2020. The spread rate (relative rate of change of the time series) is very sensitive to sudden changes in the epidemic evolution and can be used to monitor in real-time the effectiveness of containment actions. The logarithm of this variable allows identifying clear trends of the evolution of the COVID-10 epidemic in these countries. The spread rate calculated from the number of confirmed cases of infection is interpreted as a probability per unit of time of virus infection and containment actions. Its product with the number of confirmed cases of infections yields the number of new cases per day. The stabilization and control of the epidemic for China and South Korea appear to occur for values of this parameter below 0.77 %/day (doubling time of 90 days).

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