scholarly journals Function of basal ganglia in tauG-guiding action

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Lee ◽  
Apostolos P. Georgopoulos ◽  
Gert-Jan Pepping
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Directed Movement ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Electrochemical Energy

AbstractNervous systems control purposeful movement, both within and outside the body, which is essential for the survival of an animal. The movement control functions of globus pallidus (GP), subthalamic nucleus (STN) and zona incerta (ZI) were analyzed in monkeys reaching for seen targets. Temporal profiles of the hand movements of monkeys and the synchronized flow of electrochemical energy through these basal ganglia were analyzed in terms of a theory of goal-directed movement. Theoretical and empirical analysis indicated: (i) the neural information for controlling movement is the relative-rate-of-change of flow of electrochemical energy in neurons rather than the flow itself; (ii) GP is involved in creating prospective electrochemical flow to guide movement; (iii) STN is involved in registering the perceptual electrochemical flow monitoring the movement; (iv) ZI is involved in integrating the prospective and perceptual electrochemical flows to power the muscles and thence the movement. Possible implications for PD are discussed.

scholarly journals Prospective control of movement in the basal ganglia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Lee ◽  
Apostolos P. Georgopoulos ◽  
Gert-Jan Pepping
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Prospective Control ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Tau Theory ◽  
General Tau Theory ◽  
Temporal Profiles

AbstractNeural systems control purposeful movements both within an animal’s body (e.g., pumping blood) and in the environment (e.g., reaching). This is vital for all animals. The movement control functions of globus pallidus (GP), subthalamic nucleus (STN) and zona incerta (ZI) were analyzed in monkeys reaching for seen targets. Temporal profiles of their hand movements and the synchronized pattern of neuropower (rate of flow of electrochemical energy) through the basal ganglia were analyzed in terms of general tau theory of movement control (Lee et al., 2009), using the variable rho (=1/tau). The results suggest: (i) the neuroinformation for controlling movement is the relative-rate-of-change, rho, of neuropower in the nervous system; (ii) GP is involved in creating prescriptive rhos of neuropower to guide movements; (iii) STN is involved in registering perceptual rhos of neuropower to monitor the movement; (iv) ZI is involved in combining the prescriptive and perceptual rhos of neuropower to generate performatory rhos of neuropower to activate the muscles to produce the movement. Possible implications for Parkinson’s disease are discussed.

SPECT-Befunde bei Hemiparkinson-Syndrom mit 99mTc-HMPAO

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (03) ◽  
pp. 92-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Neumann ◽  
H. Baas ◽  
R. Hefner ◽  
G. Hör
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
The Body ◽  
99Mtc Hmpao ◽  
Do So

The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease often begin on one side of the body and continue to do so as the disease progresses. First SPECT results in 4 patients with hemiparkinsonism using 99mTc-HMPAO as perfusion marker are reported. Three patients exhibited reduced tracer uptake in the contralateral basal ganglia One patient who was under therapy for 1 year, showed a different perfusion pattern with reduced uptake in both basal ganglia. These results might indicate reduced perfusion secondary to reduced striatal neuronal activity.

scholarly journals Selection Response in Finite Populations

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 1961-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Wei ◽  
Armando Caballero ◽  
William G Hill
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Model Account

Formulae were derived to predict genetic response under various selection schemes assuming an infinitesimal model. Account was taken of genetic drift, gametic (linkage) disequilibrium (Bulmer effect), inbreeding depression, common environmental variance, and both initial segregating variance within families (σAW02) and mutational (σM2) variance. The cumulative response to selection until generation t(CRt) can be approximated asCRt≈R0[t−β(1−σAW∞2σAW02)t24Ne]−Dt2Ne,where Ne is the effective population size, σAW∞2=NeσM2 is the genetic variance within families at the steady state (or one-half the genic variance, which is unaffected by selection), and D is the inbreeding depression per unit of inbreeding. R  0 is the selection response at generation 0 assuming preselection so that the linkage disequilibrium effect has stabilized. β is the derivative of the logarithm of the asymptotic response with respect to the logarithm of the within-family genetic variance, i.e., their relative rate of change. R  0 is the major determinant of the short term selection response, but σM2, Ne and β are also important for the long term. A selection method of high accuracy using family information gives a small Ne and will lead to a larger response in the short term and a smaller response in the long term, utilizing mutation less efficiently.

The Role of Reafference in Recalibration of Limb Movement Control and Locomotion

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-310
Author(s):  
James R. Lackner ◽  
Paul DiZio
Keyword(s):  
Movement Control ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Optomotor Response ◽  
Coriolis Forces ◽  
Effects Of Rotation ◽  
Centripetal Forces

The reafference model has frequently been used to explain spatial constancy during eye and head movements. We have found that its basic concepts also form part of the information processing necessary for the control and recalibration of reaching movements. Reaching was studied in a novel force environment–a rotating room that creates centripetal forces of the type that could someday substitute for gravity in space flight, and Coriolis forces which are side effects of rotation. We found that inertial, noncontacting Coriolis forces deviate the path and endpoint of reaching movements, a finding that shows the inadequacy of equilibrium position models of movement control. Repeated movements in the rotating room quickly lead to normal movement patterns and to a failure to perceive the perturbing forces. The first movements made after rotation stops, without Coriolis forces present, show mirror-image deviations and evoke perception of a perturbing force even though none is present. These patterns of sensorimotor control and adaptation can largely be explained on the basis of comparisons of efference copy, reafferent muscle spindle, and cutaneous mechanoreceptor signals. We also describe experiments on human iocomotion using an apparatus similar to that which Mittelstaedt used to study the optomotor response of the Eristalis fly. These results show that the reafference principle relates as well to the perception of the forces acting on and exerted by the body during voluntary locomotion.

scholarly journals Batch spawning facilitates transfer of an essential nutrient from diet to eggs in a marine fish

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 20130593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee A. Fuiman ◽  
Cynthia K. Faulk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sciaenops Ocellatus ◽  
Diet Shift ◽  
Spawning Site ◽  
Batch Spawning

Fatty acid composition of eggs affects development, growth and ecological performance of fish embryos and larvae, with potential consequences for recruitment success. Essential fatty acids in eggs derive from the maternal diet, and the time between ingestion and deposition in eggs is ecologically important but unknown. We examined the dynamics of diet–egg transfer of arachidonic acid (ARA) in the batch-spawning fish, red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ), by measuring ARA concentrations in eggs after a single diet shift and during a period of irregular variations in diet. ARA concentrations in eggs changed within 2–16 days of a diet shift. The rate of change was proportional to the magnitude of the shift, with no evidence of equilibration. These results are not consistent with eggs being assembled entirely from accumulated body stores. The immediate source of ARA in eggs appears to be the recent diet. We propose that batch spawning produces rapid diet–egg transfer of ARA because it removes large amounts of fatty acids from the body and prevents equilibration. The immediacy of the diet–egg connection suggests that spawning migration combined with short-interval batch spawning may have evolved to take advantage of nutrients critical for offspring survival that are available at the spawning site.

Time course of changes in albumin synthesis and mRNA in diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. E656-E663 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Peavy ◽  
J. M. Taylor ◽  
L. S. Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Albumin Synthesis ◽  
Albumin Mrna

Albumin synthesis in rat liver in vivo decreased from 12.7 to 2.2% of total protein synthesis during the first 3 days after the induction of diabetes and then remained relatively constant at this depressed rate for another 3 days. Insulin treatment begun on the 3rd day after the induction of diabetes restored albumin synthesis to control values within 3 days. Hybridization of total polyadenylate-containing RNA with a specific albumin cDNA probe revealed a close correspondence between the relative abundance of albumin mRNA and the relative rate of albumin synthesis after induction of diabetes and in response to insulin treatment. The apparent half-life of albumin mRNA, based on the rate of change of the message from one steady-state level to another, was approximately 22 h in both diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Diabetes of 3-day duration had no effect on the average sizes of total and albumin-synthesizing polysomes or on the ribosomal half-transit time for total protein and albumin. However, the number of albumin-synthesizing polysomes decreased as a result of diabetes to approximately one-third the number found in control livers. Taken together the results indicate that albumin synthesis was regulated by the availability of albumin mRNA and not by alterations in degradation, sequestration, or translation of message.

Relative rate of change of a function

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Kotlyar
Keyword(s):  
Relative Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change

scholarly journals Hand, foot and lip representations in primary sensorimotor cortex: a high-density electroencephalography study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingqi Zhao ◽  
Marco Marino ◽  
Jessica Samogin ◽  
Stephan P. Swinnen ◽  
Dante Mantini
Keyword(s):  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
High Density ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Gamma Frequency ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Primary Sensorimotor Cortex

AbstractThe primary sensorimotor cortex plays a major role in the execution of movements of the contralateral side of the body. The topographic representation of different body parts within this brain region is commonly investigated through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, fMRI does not provide direct information about neuronal activity. In this study, we used high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) to map the representations of hand, foot, and lip movements in the primary sensorimotor cortex, and to study their neural signatures. Specifically, we assessed the event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the cortical space. We found that the performance of hand, foot, and lip movements elicited an ERD in beta and gamma frequency bands. The primary regions showing significant beta- and gamma-band ERD for hand and foot movements, respectively, were consistent with previously reported using fMRI. We observed relatively weaker ERD for lip movements, which may be explained by the fact that less fine movement control was required. Overall, our study demonstrated that ERD based on hdEEG data can support the study of motor-related neural processes, with relatively high spatial resolution. An interesting avenue may be the use of hdEEG for deeper investigations into the pathophysiology of neuromotor disorders.

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