scholarly journals Verbalizing phylogenomic conflict: Representation of node congruence across competing reconstructions of the neoavian explosion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico M. Franz ◽  
Lukas J. Musher ◽  
Joseph W. Brown ◽  
Shizhuo Yu ◽  
Bertram Ludäscher
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Data ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Labeling Schemes ◽  
Region Connection Calculus ◽  
Biological Systematics ◽  
Local Relaxation ◽  
Novel Products ◽  
Logic Representation

AbstractPhylogenomic research is accelerating the publication of landmark studies that aim to resolve deep divergences of major organismal groups. Meanwhile, systems for identifying and integrating the novel products of phylogenomic inference – such as newly supported clade concepts – have not kept pace. However, the ability toverbalizeboth node concept congruence and conflict across multiple, (in effect) simultaneously endorsed phylogenomic hypotheses, is a critical prerequisite for building synthetic data environments for biological systematics, thereby also benefitting other domains impacted by these (conflicting) inferences. Here we develop a novel solution to the conflict verbalization challenge, based on a logic representation and reasoning approach that utilizes the language of Region Connection Calculus (RCC–5) to produce consistentalignmentsof node concepts endorsed by incongruent phylogenomic studies. The approach employs clade concept labels to individuate concepts used by each source, even if these carry identical names. Indirect RCC–5 modeling ofintensional(property-based) node concept definitions, facilitated by the local relaxation of coverage constraints, allows parent concepts to attain congruence in spite of their differentially sampled children. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we align two recently published phylogenomic reconstructions of higher-level avian groups that entail strong conflict in the “neoavian explosion” region. According to our representations, this conflict is constituted by 26 instances of input “whole concept” overlap. These instances are further resolvable in the output labeling schemes and visualizations as “split concepts”, thereby providing the provenance services needed to build truly synthetic phylogenomic data environments. Because the RCC–5 alignments fundamentally reflect the trained, logic-enabled judgments of systematic experts, future designs for such environments need to promote a culture where experts routinely assess the intensionalities of node concepts published by our peers – even and especially when we are not in agreement with each other.

scholarly journals Sophorolipid-Based Oligomers as Polyol Components for Polyurethane Systems

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2001
Author(s):  
Maresa Sonnabend ◽  
Suzanne G. Aubin ◽  
Annette M. Schmidt ◽  
Marc C. Leimenstoll
Keyword(s):  
Special Property ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Hydroxyl Fatty Acids ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Novel Products

Due to reasons of sustainability and conservation of resources, polyurethane (PU)-based systems with preferably neutral carbon footprints are in increased focus of research and development. The proper design and development of bio-based polyols are of particular interest since such polyols may have special property profiles that allow the novel products to enter new applications. Sophorolipids (SL) represent a bio-based toolbox for polyol building blocks to yield diverse chemical products. For a reasonable evaluation of the potential for PU chemistry, however, further investigations in terms of synthesis, derivatization, reproducibility, and reactivity towards isocyanates are required. It was demonstrated that SL can act as crosslinker or as plasticizer in PU systems depending on employed stoichiometry. (ω-1)-hydroxyl fatty acids can be derived from SL and converted successively to polyester polyols and PU. Additionally, (ω-1)-hydroxyl fatty acid azides can be prepared indirectly from SL and converted to A/B type PU by Curtius rearrangement.

Human CYP27A1 catalyzes hydroxylation of β-sitosterol and ergosterol

2016 ◽  
Vol 397 (6) ◽  
pp. 513-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Ehrhardt ◽  
Adrian Gerber ◽  
Josef Zapp ◽  
Frank Hannemann ◽  
Rita Bernhardt
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Megaterium ◽  
Current Work ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Nmr Analysis ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Redox Partners ◽  
Adrenodoxin Reductase ◽  
Novel Products

Abstract β-Sitosterol and ergosterol are the equivalents of cholesterol in plants and fungi, respectively, and common sterols in the human diet. In the current work, both were identified as novel CYP27A1 substrates by in vitro experiments applying purified human CYP27A1 and its redox partners adrenodoxin (Adx) and adrenodoxin reductase (AdR). A Bacillus megaterium based biocatalyst recombinantly expressing the same proteins was utilized for the conversion of the substrates to obtain sufficient amounts of the novel products for a structural NMR analysis. β-Sitosterol was found to be converted into 26-hydroxy-β-sitosterol and 29-hydroxy-β-sitosterol, whereas ergosterol was converted into 24-hydroxyergosterol, 26-hydroxyergosterol and 28-hydroxyergosterol.

scholarly journals The role of resources in recombinations and the degree of novelty of products

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-556
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Camani
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Resource Characteristics ◽  
Novel Products

Objective of the study: To explain the characteristics and dynamics of resources and recombinations associated with developing products with low and high novelty.Methodology/Approach: The method was an integrative review of the literature on recombinant innovation. It included a creative synthesis that resulted in a theoretical model. Originality/Relevance: The research addresses topics the literature neglects, like explaining which resources and recombinations and why could relate to high or low product novelty.Main results: Certain features of resources (i.e., heterogeneity, specificity, accessibility) with high and low levels may differently influence costs, variety, and frequency of recombinations and, in turn, product novelty. To develop highly novel products, tangible resources, and internally produced new resources may be essential, as knowledge by itself may not be sufficient.Theoretical contributions: Different resource characteristics and their influence on recombinations may help explain whether a product will have low or high novelty. By going beyond the novel recombinations, the research expands the literature's understanding of recombinations and product novelty.Managerial contributions: Companies could assess ex ante which degree of product novelty besides types and costs of recombinations would result from their pools of resources. This assessment would make innovation more efficient for companies with fewer resources, like may occur in emerging markets.

Initiating actor engagement with novel products

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-319
Author(s):  
Diana Ayi Wong ◽  
Jodie Conduit ◽  
Carolin Plewa
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Indirect Interaction ◽  
Vicarious Learning ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Novel Products

While organizations continue to face extensive pressure to introduce novel products to the market, the question of how customers initiate engagement with novel products remains unanswered. This article draws on the ecosystem perspective of engagement, utilizing the lens of actor engagement, to develop a conceptual framework for actor engagement with novel products. It elaborates our understanding of the indirect interaction that actors have with a focal object through other actors. It demonstrates that through vicarious learning, actors establish cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social interactions with the novel product. Further, it explicates a process in which legitimacy judgments, at the micro- and macrolevels, play a central role in facilitating and evaluating engagement with products. This framework offers an important contribution to theory by elucidating the facilitating role of learning and introducing the concept of legitimacy to the engagement literature. A set of propositions is presented, and a future research agenda proposed for each of these propositions.

scholarly journals The Reactivity of 2-Ethoxy-4-Chloroquinazoline and Its Use in Synthesis of Novel Quinazoline Derivatives

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. El-Hashash ◽  
K. M. Darwish ◽  
S. A. Rizk ◽  
F. A. El-Bassiouny
Keyword(s):  
Ring Closure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethyl Chloroformate ◽  
Diethyl Oxalate ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Dimroth Rearrangement ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Quinazoline Derivatives ◽  
Nitrogen Nucleophiles ◽  
Novel Products

The behavior of 2-ethoxy-4-chloroquinazoline 2 towards various nitrogen nucleophiles, namely: thiosemicarbazide, sodium azide, glucosamine, ethanol, and hydrazine hydrate has been discussed. Also, the behavior of 4-(2-ethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiosemicarbazide towards one-carbon, for example, ethyl chloroformate, and two-carbon donors, for example, ethyl chloroacetate and diethyl oxalate has been investigated. On the other hand, new 5-ethoxy-2-substituted[1,2,4]-triazolo-[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives have been obtained by ring closure accompanied with Dimroth rearrangement through the interaction of compound 2 with hydrazides of acetic, benzoic, crotonic, cinnamic, 2-furoic, and phthalimidoacetic acids. Structures of the novel products were confirmed by elemental, IR, MS, and 1H-NMR spectral analyses.

scholarly journals Non-safety Assessments of Genome-Edited Organisms: Should They be Included in Regulation?

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 2601-2627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørn Kåre Myskja ◽  
Anne Ingeborg Myhr
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Approval Procedure ◽  
Safety Assessments ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Regulatory Practice ◽  
National Control ◽  
Novel Products

Abstract This article presents and evaluates arguments supporting that an approval procedure for genome-edited organisms for food or feed should include a broad assessment of societal, ethical and environmental concerns; so-called non-safety assessment. The core of analysis is the requirement of the Norwegian Gene Technology Act that the sustainability, ethical and societal impacts of a genetically modified organism should be assessed prior to regulatory approval of the novel products. The article gives an overview how this requirement has been implemented in the regulatory practice, demonstrating that such assessment is feasible and justified. Even in situations where genome-edited organisms are considered comparable to non-modified organisms in terms of risk, the technology may have—in addition to social benefits—negative impacts that warrant assessments of the kind required in the Act. The main reason is the disruptive character of the genome editing technologies due to their potential for novel, ground-breaking solutions in agriculture and aquaculture combined with the economic framework shaped by the patent system. Food is fundamental for a good life, biologically and culturally, which warrants stricter assessment procedures than what is required for other industries, at least in countries like Norway with a strong tradition for national control over agricultural markets and breeding programs.

scholarly journals A data-based multi-algorithm system for an end-to-end intelligent manufacturing process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Freitas Gonçalves ◽  
João Reis ◽  
Gil Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Intelligent Manufacturing ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Defect Prediction ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
Novel Products

Abstract Reducing defects and creating new industrial products are issues addressed in literature, though often separately. This work presents a unique approach combining machine learning and optimization techniques, which could 1) predict and explain ongoing production defects, 2) prescribe solutions to prevent predicted defects, and 3) produce defect predictors for novel products without historical data. By applying it into a melamine-surfaced boards process, task 1) explored SVM, XGBoost and Random Forest algorithms, coupled with an explainable model-agnostic approach. A Powell’s method-based meta-heuristic algorithm handled task 2), while the Hyper-Process Model (HPM) technique was selected in task 3). Defect prediction presented strong results, with a fine-tuned XGBoost with oversampling achieving over 0.8 recall value, and prescriptions significantly reduced prediction scores across most defect scenarios. Although the HPM implementation introduced challenges producing predictors, most generated synthetic data-trained models achieved encouraging performances on recall metrics. Results could serve as baseline for future developments.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Cell-Based and Cell-Cultured as Appropriate Common or Usual Names to Label Products Made from the Cells of Fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William K. Hallman ◽  
William K. Hallman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Rights ◽  
Label Cell ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Seafood Products ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Novel Products

ABSTRACTUsing an online experiment with a nationally representative sample of 1200 adult American consumers, two “common or usual names,” “Cell-Based Seafood” and “Cell-Cultured Seafood,” were assessed using five criteria. Displayed on packages of frozen Atlantic Salmon, the names were evaluated on their ability to differentiate the novel products from conventionally-produced fish, to identify their potential allergenicity, and after learning its meaning, to be seen by participants as an appropriate term for describing the process for creating the product. In addition, the names were evaluated as to whether they would be interpreted as disparaging of new or existing products, and whether they elicited reactions contrary to the assertion that the products are nutritious, healthy and safe. The results confirmed earlier research showing that “Cell-Based Seafood” slightly outperformed “Cell-Cultured Seafood” as a common or usual name. Labeling products with the term “Cell-Based Seafood” meets important regulatory criteria by enabling consumers to distinguish such products from conventional seafood products, and by indicating the presence of allergens. From a marketing perspective, “Cell-Based” is also viewed as an appropriate term for describing the process for producing the products, meeting the criteria for transparency. Consumers also had more positive reactions to “Cell-Based Seafood” and were slightly more inclined to want to taste and purchase “Cell-Based” products both before and after learning the meaning of “Cell-Based” and “Cell-Cultured.” Therefore, “Cell-Based Seafood” should be adopted as the best common or usual name to label cell-based seafood products.Practical ApplicationWidespread adoption and consistent use of a single “common or usual name” for “Cell-Based” seafood, meat, poultry and other products by the food industry, regulators, journalists, marketers, environmental, consumer, and animal rights advocates, and other key stakeholders would help shape public perceptions and understanding of this rapidly advancing technology and its products. This study confirms that “Cell-Based Seafood” is the best performing term to label seafood products made from the cells of fish. It meets relevant FDA regulatory requirements and slightly outperforms “Cell-Cultured Seafood” with regard to positive consumer perceptions, interest in tasting and likelihood of purchasing these novel products.

scholarly journals Retrieval of aerosol properties using relative radiance measurements from an all-sky camera

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Román ◽  
Juan C. Antuña-Sánchez ◽  
Victoria E. Cachorro ◽  
Carlos Toledano ◽  
Benjamín Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Single Pixel ◽  
Theoretical Accuracy ◽  
Aerosol Properties

Abstract. This paper explores the potential of all-sky cameras to retrieve aerosol properties with GRASP code (Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties). To this end, normalized sky radiances (NSR) extracted from an all-sky camera at three effective wavelengths (467, 536 and 605 nm) are used in this study. NSR observations are a set of relative (uncalibrated) sky radiances in arbitrary units. NSR observations have been simulated for different aerosol loads and types with the forward radiative transfer module of GRASP, indicating that NSR observations contain information about the aerosol type as well as about the aerosol optical depth (AOD), at least for low and moderate aerosol loads. An additional sensitivity study with synthetic data has been carried out to quantify the theoretical accuracy and precision on the aerosol properties (AOD, size distribution parameters, etc.) retrieved by GRASP using NSR observations as input. As result, the theoretical accuracy on AOD is within ±0.02 for AOD values lower or equal than 0.4; while the theoretical precision goes from 0.01 to 0.05 when AOD at 467 nm varies from 0.1 to 0.5. NSR measurements recorded at Valladolid (Spain) with an all-sky camera for more than two years have been inverted with GRASP. The retrieved aerosol properties are compared with independent values provided by co-located AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) measurements. AOD from both data sets correlate with determination coefficient (r2) values about 0.87. Finally, the novel multi-pixel approach of GRASP is applied to daily camera radiances together, by constraining the temporal variation in certain aerosol properties. This temporal linkage (multi-pixel approach) provides promising results, reducing the highly temporal variation in some aerosol properties retrieved with the standard (one by one or single-pixel) approach. This work implies an advance in the use of all-sky cameras for the retrieval of aerosol properties.

Synthesis Under Microwave Irradiation and Molecular Docking of Some Novel Bioactive Thiadiazoles

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sobhi M. Gomha ◽  
Mastora M. Edress ◽  
Zeinab A. Muhammad ◽  
Hatem M. Gaber ◽  
Mohamed M. Amin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Heterocyclic Amines ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Binding Mechanism ◽  
Novel Products

Background: A novel series of fused imidazole was prepared from the reaction of 2- bromoacetyl-3-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole with various heterocyclic amines under microwave irradiation. The structures of all the novel products were elucidated based on the elemental analysis and spectral data. </P><P> Results: In addition, the biological activity of the newly synthesized compounds was evaluated and the results obtained indicate their potency as anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti- ulcer agents. </P><P> Conclusion: The binding mechanism of the most active compounds was studied using MOE to analyze the molecular interactions.

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