scholarly journals Generation of Variation and Mean Fitness Increase: Necessity is the Mother of Genetic Invention

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Ram ◽  
Lee Altenberg ◽  
Uri Liberman ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
General Model ◽  
Genetic Modifiers ◽  
Reduction Principle ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
Mean Fitness ◽  
Induced Mutagenesis ◽  
And Migration ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Average Fitness

AbstractGeneration of variation may be detrimental in well-adapted populations evolving under constant selection. In a constant environment, genetic modifiers that reduce the rate at which variation is generated by processes such as mutation and migration, succeed. However, departures from thisreduction principlehave been demonstrated. Here we analyze a general model of evolution under constant selection where the rate at which variation is generated depends on the individual. We find that if a modifier allele increases the rate at which individuals of below-average fitness generate variation, then it will increase in frequency and increase the population mean fitness. This principle applies to phenomena such as stress-induced mutagenesis and condition-dependent dispersal, and exemplifies“Necessity is the mother of genetic invention.”

Focusing on mRNA Granules and Stalled Polysomes Amidst Diverse Mechanisms Underlying mRNA Transport, mRNA Storage, and Local Translation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina N. Anadolu ◽  
Wayne S. Sossin
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Rna Transport ◽  
P Bodies ◽  
Rna Granules ◽  
Mrna Granules ◽  
Transport Particle ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Individual

In neurons, mRNAs are transported to distal sites to allow for localized protein synthesis. There are many diverse mechanisms underlying this transport. For example, an individual mRNA can be transported in an RNA transport particle that is tailored to the individual mRNA and its associated binding proteins. In contrast, some mRNAs are transported in liquid-liquid phase separated structures called neuronal RNA granules that are made up of multiple stalled polysomes, allowing for rapid initiation-independent production of proteins required for synaptic plasticity. Moreover, neurons have additional types of liquid-liquid phase–separated structures containing mRNA, such as stress granules and P bodies. This chapter discusses the relationships between all of these structures, what proteins distinguish them, and the possible roles they play in the complex control of mRNA translation at distal sites that allow neurons to use protein synthesis to refine their local proteome in many different ways.

Mental health in a conflict area: Migration, economic stress and religiosity in the three southernmost provinces of Thailand

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Ford ◽  
Aree Jampaklay ◽  
Aphichat Chamratrithirong
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
World Health ◽  
Thai Government ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Self Reporting Questionnaire

Aim: Three southern provinces of Thailand, Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat, have been involved in a long period of unrest due to differences between the population in the provinces and the Thai government with regard to language, culture and governance. The objectives of this article are to examine the effects of everyday stressors due to the conflict, including economic stress and migration, as well as the effect of religiosity on the reporting of psychiatric symptoms among adults in the three provinces. Methods: Data were drawn from a survey conducted in 2014. The survey included a probability sample of 2,053 Muslim adults aged 18–59 years.Mental health was assessed using World Health Organization’s (WHO) Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) of 20 questions. Multilevel models were estimated to examine the influence of economic stress due to the conflict, as well as community and individual aspects of migration and religion on mental health. Results: The data showed that migration from the household and the community and the economic effects of the unrest were associated with reporting of more psychiatric symptoms among adults in the southern provinces. Religion was related to reporting of fewer psychiatric symptoms at the individual and the community levels. Conclusion: The study documented increased reporting of psychiatric symptoms among persons reporting perceived household economic stress due to the conflict and the migration of family members.

A Psycho-Educational Approach to Coping with Failure Amongst Pupils

1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Engel
Keyword(s):  
General Model ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Educational Approach ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Objective ◽  
The Individual

In this paper I hope to explain the reasons for developing a method to provide the individual with tools to cope with failure at an early stage of his life; additionally, the general principles of that method will be formulated. Obviously, the basic objective is ultimately aimed at conditioning the child's thinking towards development of different attitudes in relation to failure situations. Success of the method, in the long run, depends upon the repetition of similar techniques, at least during the first years of the child's schooling. Thus we tend to believe that if we ‘instil’ in the child the proposed way of relating, he will then be able to cope not only with failure in the future but also with pressures exerted by unskilled teachers in school, who may use failure as a threat. As an additional alternative there is proposed a general model of treating children who have not been trained at an earlier stage to deal with failure within the school framework.

scholarly journals Migration, acculturation, and the maintenance of between-group cultural variation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Mesoudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Learning Processes

AbstractHow do migration and acculturation (i.e. psychological or behavioral change resulting from migration) affect within- and between-group cultural variation? Here I answer this question by drawing analogies between genetic and cultural evolution. Population genetic models show that migration rapidly breaks down between-group genetic structure. In cultural evolution, however, migrants or their descendants can acculturate to local behaviors via social learning processes such as conformity, potentially preventing migration from eliminating between-group cultural variation. An analysis of the empirical literature on migration suggests that acculturation is common, with second and subsequent migrant generations shifting, sometimes substantially, towards the cultural values of the adopted society. Yet there is little understanding of the individual-level dynamics that underlie these population-level shifts. To explore this formally, I present models quantifying the effect of migration and acculturation on between-group cultural variation, for both neutral and costly cooperative traits. In the models, between-group cultural variation, measured using F statistics, is eliminated by migration and maintained by conformist acculturation. The extent of acculturation is determined by the strength of conformist bias and the number of demonstrators from whom individuals learn. Acculturation is countered by assortation, the tendency for individuals to preferentially interact with culturally-similar others. Unlike neutral traits, cooperative traits can additionally be maintained by payoff-biased social learning, but only in the presence of strong sanctioning institutions. Overall, the models show that surprisingly little conformist acculturation is required to maintain realistic amounts of between-group cultural diversity. While these models provide insight into the potential dynamics of acculturation and migration in cultural evolution, they also highlight the need for more empirical research into the individual-level learning biases that underlie migrant acculturation.

scholarly journals Effects of Happiness on Mental Health

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Gopal Chandra Mahakud ◽  
Ritika Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Psychological Problem ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Psychic Disorders ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Individual

The concept of mental health comprised to the health conditions of people without suffering any mental or psychological problem such as stress, depression, anxiety and other form of psychic disorders. In this regard it can be said that no one is free from and psychological, psycho-physical and psycho-social disorders from which we can derive that no one mentally healthy. But the concept of mental health defined free from the disorders those are prolonged and panic in nature. As the concept of mental health is subjective in nature, it varies from person to person. Besides free from the disorders, a person should pose some of the other positive characteristics to deal with the society effectively. Marry (1958) stated that, a person can be considered mentally healthy with the following characteristics such as (a) Positive attitudes toward himself/herself; (b) Realization of own potentialities through action; (c); Unification of in personality; (d) Degree of independence of social influences; (e) observations of the world around; and (f) Positive adapts to everyday life. Briefly, it can be said that positive mental health of the person make able to an individual to stand on his own two feet without making undue demands or impositions of others. In this regard the role of happiness in day to day life can make the individual more skilled to fight with different mental disorders. The present article is intended to find out the effects of happiness in day to day life in a social situation to deal with different mental disorders to make the individual mentally healthy and prosperous in life.

scholarly journals Effects of aspiration-induced adaptation and migration on the evolution of cooperation

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (07) ◽  
pp. 1450025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Peng ◽  
Xu-Wen Wang ◽  
Qian Lu ◽  
Qing-Ke Zeng ◽  
Bing-Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Prospect Theory ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Square Lattice ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Aspiration Level ◽  
Aspiration Levels ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Individual

In the light of the prospect theory (PT), we study the prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) on square lattice by integrating the deterministic and Data envelopment analysis (DEA) efficient rule into adaptive rules: the individual will change evolutionary rule and migrate if its payoff is lower than their aspiration levels. Whether the individual choose to change the evolutionary rule and migrate is determined by the relation between its payoff and aspiration level. The results show that the cooperation frequency can hold unchange with the increasing of temptation to defect. The individual chooses to adopt DEA efficient rule and to migrate that can induce the emergence of cooperation as the payoff is lower than its aspiration.

scholarly journals c-Kit-Mediated Overlapping and Unique Functional and Biochemical Outcomes via Diverse Signaling Pathways

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1401-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Hong ◽  
Veerendra Munugalavadla ◽  
Reuben Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Kit Receptor ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT A critical issue in understanding receptor tyrosine kinase signaling is the individual contribution of diverse signaling pathways in regulating cellular growth, survival, and migration. We generated a functionally and biochemically inert c-Kit receptor that lacked the binding sites for seven early signaling pathways. Restoring the Src family kinase (SFK) binding sites in the mutated c-Kit receptor restored cellular survival and migration but only partially rescued proliferation and was associated with the rescue of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase, Rac/JNK kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase)/Akt pathways. In contrast, restoring the PI-3 kinase binding site in the mutated receptor did not affect cellular proliferation but resulted in a modest correction in cell survival and migration, despite a complete rescue in the activation of the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway. Surprisingly, restoring the binding sites for Grb2, Grb7, or phospholipase C-γ had no effect on cellular growth or survival, migration, or activation of any of the downstream signaling pathways. These results argue that SFKs play a unique role in the control of multiple cellular functions and in the activation of distinct biochemical pathways via c-Kit.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Regenerative Therapeutic Advances Towards Erectile Dysfunction

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1250
Author(s):  
Ming-Che Liu ◽  
Meng-Lin Chang ◽  
Ya-Chun Wang ◽  
Wei-Hung Chen ◽  
Chien-Chih Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Regenerative Therapies

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an inability to attain or maintain adequate penile erection for successful vaginal intercourse, leading to sexual and relationship dissatisfaction. To combat ED, various surgical and non-surgical approaches have been developed in the past to restore erectile functions. These therapeutic interventions exhibit significant impact in providing relief to patients; however, due to their associated adverse effects and lack of long-term efficacy, newer modalities such as regenerative therapeutics have gained attention due to their safe and prolonged efficacy. Stem cells and platelet-derived biomaterials contained in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are thriving as some of the major therapeutic regenerative agents. In recent years, various preclinical and clinical studies have evaluated the individual, as well as combined of stem cells and PRP to restore erectile function. Being rich in growth factors, chemokines, and angiogenic factors, both stem cells and PRP play a crucial role in regenerating nerve cells, myelination of axons, homing and migration of progenitor cells, and anti-fibrosis and anti-apoptosis of damaged cavernous nerve in corporal tissues. Further, platelet-derived biomaterials have been proven to be a biological supplement for enhancing the proliferative and differentiation potential of stem cells towards neurogenic fate. Therefore, this article comprehensively analyzes the progresses of these regenerative therapies for ED.

Jewishness and jurisgenesis: On Seyla Benhabib’s Exile, Statelessness and Migration

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Max Pensky
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
International Law ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Normative Commitment ◽  
Individual Person ◽  
Inherent Dignity ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Collective Action Problems ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Individual

The postwar era saw a remarkable transformation of international law, from a loose arrangement of agreements designed to reduce collective action problems to a normative commitment to the inherent dignity of the individual person. Seyla Benhabib’s new book shows the extent to which this transformation was a matter of deeply personal experiences. Understanding this dialectic between the personal and the universal is crucial for understanding not just the genesis of contemporary normative international law, but also its prospects for survival. This article focuses on Benhabib’s adoption of the process of jurisgenesis as an exemplary form of this dialectic, ending with a critical reading of Hannah Arendt’s attempt to contribute to this process.

Roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases in cell migration and adhesion

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Angers-Loustau ◽  
Jean-François Côté ◽  
Michel L Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ◽  
Cellular Migration ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatases ◽  
Integrin Receptors ◽  
Protein Tyrosine ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Cell Adhesion And Migration ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Individual

Signal transduction pathways are often seen as cascades of kinases, whereas phosphatases are relinquished to the housekeeping function of resetting the individual elements to a resting state. However, critical biological processes such as cellular migration require a coordinated and constant remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton as well as a rapid turnover of the cell-substratum linkages that necessitate the concomitant action of antagonistic enzymes. Tyrosine phosphorylation was long known to be involved in adhesion and de-adhesion mediated via the integrin receptors. As the roles of tyrosine kinases such as focal adhesion kinase, c-Src, and Csk in this pathway are being extensively studied, increasing evidence is emerging about the importance of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP). In this review we discuss examples of PTPs that were recently shown to play a role in cell adhesion and migration and their mechanism of action.Key words: protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP), migration, adhesion, FAK, p130Cas, Src.

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