scholarly journals The evolutionary history of the current globalRamularia collo-cygniepidemic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remco Stam ◽  
Hind Sghyer ◽  
Martin Münsterkötter ◽  
Saurabh Pophaly ◽  
Aurélien Tellier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Genomic Comparison ◽  
Ramularia Leaf Spot ◽  
The World ◽  
Genome Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractRamularia Leaf Spot (RLS) has emerged as a threat for barley production in many regions of the world. Late appearance of unspecific symptoms caused thatRamularia collo-cygnicould only by molecular diagnostics be detected as the causal agent of RLS. Although recent research has shed more light on the biology and genomics of the pathogen, the cause of the recent global spread remains unclear.To address urgent questions, especially on the emergence to a major disease, life-cycle, transmission, and quick adaptation to control measures, we de-novo sequenced the genome ofR. collo-cygni(urug2 isolate). Additionally, we sequenced fungal RNA from 6 different conditions, which allowed for an improved genome annotation. This resulted in a high quality draft assembly of about 32 Mb, with only 78 scaffolds with an N50 of 2.1 Mb. The overall annotation enabled the prediction of 12.346 high confidence genes. Genomic comparison revealed thatR. collo-cygnihas significantly diverged from relatedDothidiomycetes, including gain and loss of putative effectors, however without obtaining species-specific genome features.To evaluate the species-wide genetic diversity, we sequenced the genomes of 19R. collo-cygniisolates from multiple geographic locations and diverse hosts and mapped sequences to our reference genome. Admixture analyses show thatR. collo-cygniis world-wide genetically uniform and that samples do not show a strong clustering on either geographical location or host species. To date, the teleomorph ofR. collo-cygnihas not been observed. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium shows that in the world-wide sample set there are clear signals of recombination and thus sexual reproduction, however these signals largely disappear when excluding three outliers samples, suggesting that the main global expansion ofR. collo-cygnicomes from mixed or clonally propagating populations. We further analysed the historic population size (Ne) ofR. collo-cygniusing Bayesian simulations.We discuss how our genomic data and population genetics analysis can help understand the currentR. collo-cygniepidemic and provide different hypothesis that are supported by our data. We specifically highlight how recombination, clonal spreading and lack of host-specificity could further support global epidemics of this increasingly recognized plant disease and suggest specific approaches to combat this pathogen.

André Martinet (1908–1999)

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-293
Author(s):  
Johannes Klare
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Research Director

André Martinet holds an important position in the history of linguistics in the twentieth century. For more than six decades he decisively influenced the development of linguistics in France and in the world. He is one of the spokespersons for French linguistic structuralism, the structuralisme fonctionnel. The article focuses on a description and critical appreciation of the interlinguistic part of Martinet’s work. The issue of auxiliary languages and hence interlinguistics had interested Martinet greatly from his youth and provoked him to examine the matter actively. From 1946 onwards he worked in New York as a professor at Columbia University and a research director of the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). From 1934 he was in contact with the Danish linguist and interlinguist Otto Jespersen (1860–1943). Martinet, who went back to Paris in 1955 to work as a professor at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (Sorbonne), increasingly developed into an expert in planned languages; for his whole life, he was committed to the world-wide use of a foreign language that can be learned equally easily by members of all ethnic groups; Esperanto, functioning since 1887, seemed a good option to him.

Community Purpose and the Nazi Lesson

Philosophy ◽  
1944 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
pp. 195-215
Author(s):  
J. W. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
World Wide ◽  
The Political ◽  
War Machine ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Contemplating the catastrophic course of the Nazi Revolution we may well find it all too easy to see nothing in the spectacle but the nether darkness made visible; and if we are advised that it is not merely permissible but highly advisable to learn from the enemy, we may be tempted to think that whatever the Nazi war-machine has to teach the strategist and the technician, the political history of Germany in the last decade, and in particular the political ideology that has imposed itself upon the German mind with such apparent thoroughness, can yield only the negative lesson of a warning, by displaying upon the world-wide stage the doomful consequences of wrong principles ruthlessly pushed to their extreme. But it is certainly an error to deny that nothing of more positive value has emerged out of the revolutionary cauldron: and indeed it would be more than strange, where such whole-hearted energies of mind are being enlisted in the evil cause of Nazism, if none of its votaries had ever stumbled for a time into wisdom.

Pleomorphic adenoma of the external auditory canal: a case report and review of the literature

1996 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidetoshi Haraguchi ◽  
Hitoshi Hentona ◽  
Hidekazu Tanaka ◽  
Atsushi Komatuzaki
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Pleomorphic Adenoma ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Uncommon Tumour

AbstractPleomorphic adenoma arising in the external auditory canal is rare. We report the case of a 38-year-old man. To better grasp the clinical features and natural history of this uncommon tumour, we also reviewed the world wide literature and found 24 similar cases, which we analysed together with our own.

Cyclic Sedimentation: A Review

1960 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Wells
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Lateral Migration ◽  
Lateral Variation ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Cyclic Sedimentation ◽  
The World

AbstractThe well-known Carboniferous cyclothems of North America and Europe are discussed as examples to illustrate the great extent and lateral variation of sedimentary cycles. Very many other instances of cyclic sedimentation, in rocks of most ages, in many parts of the world, are also characterized by a more or less regular lateral migration of simultaneously existing depositional environments, caused by repeated transgressions and regressions of the sea over an epicontinental platform. Theories of varying complexity which have sought to explain cyclic sedimentation are briefly summarized, and it is suggested that the two basic requirements are a slowly subsiding sedimentary basin and more or less regular eustatic changes of sea level. The former will decide the geographical location. The latter could be a natural, periodic and world-wide consequence of the combination of the continuous effects of sedimentation and sostatic or orogenic movements of the sea floor.

scholarly journals Nearly Half of TP53 Germline Variants Predicted To Be Pathogenic in Patients With Osteosarcoma Are De Novo: A Report From the Children’s Oncology Group

2020 ◽  
pp. 1187-1195
Author(s):  
Brandon J. Diessner ◽  
Nathan Pankratz ◽  
Anthony J. Hooten ◽  
Lisa Mirabello ◽  
Aaron L. Sarver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Rare Variants ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
History Of ◽  
De Novo Variant

PURPOSE To ascertain the prevalence of recurrent de novo variants among 240 pediatric patients with osteosarcoma (OS; age < 20 years) unselected for family history of cancer. METHODS The identification of de novo variants was implemented in 2 phases. In the first, we identified genes with a rare (minor allele frequency < 0.01) de novo variant in > 1 of the 95 case-parent trios examined by whole-exome sequencing (WES) who passed quality control measures. In phase 2, 145 additional patients with OS were evaluated by targeted sequencing to identify rare de novo variants in genes nominated from phase 1. Recurrent rare variants identified from phase 1 and 2 were verified as either de novo or inherited by Sanger sequencing of affected patients and their parents. Categorical and continuous data were analyzed using Fisher exact test and t tests, respectively. RESULTS Among 95 case-parent trios who underwent WES, we observed 61 de novo variants in 60 genes among 47 patients, with TP53 identified as the only gene with a pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) de novo variant in more than one case-parent trio. Among all 240 patients with OS, 13 (5.4%) harbored a P/LP TP53 germline variant, of which 6 (46.2%) were confirmed to be de novo. CONCLUSION Apart from TP53, we did not observe any other recurrent de novo P/LP variants in the case-parent trios, suggesting that new mutations in other genes are not a frequent cause of pediatric OS. That nearly half of P/LP TP53 variants in our sample were de novo suggests universal screening for germline TP53 P/LP variants among pediatric patients with OS should be considered.

Disability and mobile Internet

First Monday ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Goggin
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Web Accessibility ◽  
Mobile Internet ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mobile Web ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Expanded Concept

As the World Wide Web turns 25, it is an appropriate time to ask: where are we are now with disability and the Internet? A good place to look is in the burgeoning area of Internet and mobile technology. Accordingly, this paper explores the issues and prospect for disability and mobile Internet. It provides a brief history of the entwined nature of the rise of disability and the Internet, discusses the emergence of mobile Internets, and then turns to a discussion of mobile Web accessibility. It concludes by noting the limits of mobile Web accessibility, for its struggle to adopt an expanded concept of disability — but also because of growing complexity of mobile Internets.

THE CONSUMER JIHAD: BOYCOTT FATWAS AND NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leor Halevi
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
September 11 ◽  
Spiritual Struggle ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Nonviolent Resistance ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Consumer Boycotts

AbstractThis article deals with the origins, development, and popularity of boycott fatwas. Born of the marriage of Islamic politics and Islamic economics in an age of digital communications, these fatwas targeted American, Israeli, and Danish commodities between 2000 and 2006. Muftis representing both mainstream and, surprisingly, radical tendencies argued that jihad can be accomplished through nonviolent consumer boycotts. Their argument marks a significant development in the history of jihad doctrine because boycotts, construed as jihadi acts, do not belong to the commonplace categories of jihad as a “military” or a “spiritual” struggle. The article also demonstrates that boycott fatwas emerged, to a large degree, from below. New media, in particular interconnected computer networks, made it easier for laypersons to drive the juridical discourse. They did so before September 11 as well as, more insistently, afterward. Their consumer jihad had some economic impact on targeted multinationals, and it provoked corporate reactions.

scholarly journals Index Structures for XML Databases

2010 ◽  
pp. 98-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Mohammad ◽  
Patrick Martin
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Semistructured Data ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
Xml Databases ◽  
The World ◽  
Extensible Markup ◽  
History Of

Extensible Markup Language (XML), which provides a flexible way to define semistructured data, is a de facto standard for information exchange in the World Wide Web. The trend towards storing data in its XML format has meant a rapid growth in XML databases and the need to query them. Indexing plays a key role in improving the execution of a query. In this chapter the authors give a brief history of the creation and the development of the XML data model. They discuss the three main categories of indexes proposed in the literature to handle the XML semistructured data model and provide an evaluation of indexing schemes within these categories. Finally, they discuss limitations and open problems related to the major existing indexing schemes.

scholarly journals PROVERBS AND SAYINGS DENOTING PERSON’S MENTAL ABILITIES IN THE RUSSIAN, OSSETIAN AND CHECHEN LANGUAGES

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
З.Н. Зангиева
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Communicative Behavior ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mental Abilities ◽  
Main Components

В последние годы усилился интерес к изучению паремий с позиций лингвокультурологии. В силу своего интереса к пространству культуры и воплощенной в языке национальной ментальности, лингвокультурология способствует взаимопониманию и взаимоуважению в процессе межкультурного общения. Изучение языковой картины мира вообще и паремиологической картины мира в частности раздвигает границы лингвистики. Благодаря когнитивным методам исследования, язык предстает не только как система лексических, грамматических и фонологических единиц, не только как система правил коммуникативного поведения в определённом этнокультурном и социальном контексте, но и как система вербализованных знаний о мире. Настоящее исследование проводилось в рамках двух основных направлений лингвокультурологии паремиологическом и сопоставительном. Рассматриваются и сопоставляются паремиологические единицы, представляющие концепт умственные способности как одна из основных составляющих менталитета русского, осетинского и чеченского народов для выявления лакун и эквивалентов в трёх языках. Наличие данного концепта наблюдается во всех языках, а национальная специфика проявляется в выборе образа, эталона или стереотипа, присущего определенной культуре. Русский, осетинский и чеченский концепты умственные способности имеют как значительные типологические сходства, так и различия, проявляющиеся в национальных особенностях трёх народов, зависящих от истории каждого этноса, его географического местоположения, социальных и культурных отличий. Пословицы не зря называют автобиографией этноса , зеркалом культуры : в них заложен мощный лингвокультурологический потенциал. Раскрытие семантических особенностей, национальнокультурной окрашенности пословиц и поговорок, обозначающих умственные способности трeх языков, позволяет наглядно увидеть общее и национальноспецифичное на уровне установок культуры, стереотипов, образов и символов трёх культур. А это, в свою очередь, помогает понять определенные специфические черты русской, осетинской и чеченской ментальности, что способствует совершенствованию процесса межкультурной коммуникации. In recent years, interest in the study of paremia from the standpoint of culture studies has increased. By virtue of its interest in the space of culture and the national mentality embodied in the language, culture studies promote mutual understanding and mutual respect in the process of intercultural communication. The study of the linguistic picture of the world in general and the paremiological picture of the world in particular expands the boundaries of linguistics. Thanks to the cognitive methods of research, the language is presented not only as a system of lexical, grammatical and phonological units, not only as a system of rules for communicative behavior in a particular ethnocultural and social context, but also as a system of verbalized knowledge about the world. The present study was conducted in the framework of two main areas of linguoculturology paremiological and comparative. Paremiological units are considered and compared, representing the concept of intellectual abilities as one of the main components of the mentality of the Russian, Ossetian and Chechen peoples for identifying lacunas and equivalents in three languages. The presence of this concept is observed in all languages, and ethnic specificity is manifested in the choice of an image, a standard, or a stereotype inherent in a particular culture. The Russian, Ossetian, and Chechen concepts of mental abilities have both significant typological similarities and differences, manifested in the ethnic characteristics of the three peoples, determined by the history of each ethnic group, its geographical location, and social and cultural differences. Proverbs are deservedly called the autobiography of the ethnos, the mirror of culture: they have a powerful linguocultural potential. The disclosure of semantic features, ethniccultural coloring of proverbs and sayings, denoting the mental abilities of the three languages, highlights the general and ethnicspecific at the level of cultural attitudes, stereotypes, images and symbols of the three cultures. And this, in turn, helps to understand certain specific features of the Russian, Ossetian and Chechen mentality, which contributes to the improvement of the process of intercultural communication.

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