scholarly journals Subsurface Zircons with Presumptive “Biogenic” Inclusions as Potentially Useful Proxies for Studying Precambrian Bygone Biospheres in Goa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dabolkar Sujata ◽  
Kamat Nandkumar
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Sedimentary Deposits ◽  
Carbon Isotopic ◽  
Biogenic Carbon ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Sharp Edges ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Detail Image

AbstractThis work was inspired by recent report by Bell et al., 2015 who studied potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old Zircon and need to assess the potential of Zircons found in Goa. Zircons (ZrSiO4) are naturally occurring silicate minerals which show radioactivity and high ductility and contain traces of Thorium and Uranium useful in Uranium–Thorium /Thorium −230 dating techniques. Zircons can be found in igneous, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary deposits and occurs as a detrital minerals in river and beach sands. Previous reports show that the Zircons can occur in different shapes such as round, elongated and with surface characteristics (Gartner et al.,2013). U-Pb Zircon dating methods had been used to study the continental growth in the western Dharwar craton of southern India (Jayananda et al., 2015). The present study was aimed at detection of subsurface Zircons with biogenic inclusions and assess their use as proxies for studying bygone Precambrium biospheres in Goa. Deep tubewell drilled Cores (60 and 65 m deep from surface) in island of Tiswadi at Taleigao were analyzed by light microscopy, Phase contrast microscopy and SEM to detect and classify the Zircons. In rapid preliminary sampling, total 50 Zircons were identified and 98% indicated the presence of interesting inclusions. These could be bubbles or kerogens or unidentified biological material. Zircons were classified as elongated, slightly rounded with sharp edges and showed widespread variety of surface characteristics like fracturing, cracks, scratches, striations and impact pits which may occur during transport processes. It is suggested that Zircons with presumptive biogenic inclusions can be further studied using techniques such as Raman Spectroscopy, Carbon Isotopic Measurements, X-Ray Microscopy, Trace Element Measurement consistent with Bell et al., 2015. More exhaustive studies have been undertaken to create a detail image database of Zircons from various other local samples to pinpoint those specifically useful for advanced work based on image analysis of the presumptive bioinclusions. Further attempts would be made to develop specific harvesting techniques to select potentially useful Zircons. International collaborations would be sought for applications of advanced techniques to local Zircons. Such studies would shed light on nature of bygone Precambrian biospheres in Goa and help in understanding evolution of life and the impact of plate tectonics and cataclysmic events shaping life on this planet.

The impact of tectonic-style on marine transgression and evolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
D. S. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Marine Transgression ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Tectonic Style ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPlate tectonics drives variation in sea-level, over intervals of approximately107–108years. These variations may have significant effects on the pace of (biological) evolution through the elimination of terrestrial niches and the expansion of shallow-water marine niches. However, within the solar system, only the Earth experiences this kind of tectonism. Venus displays regional tectonism, characterized by rising diapirs within the plastic mantle. Impinging on the lithosphere, these plumes produce a range of structures of varying dimensions; the uplift of which would raise sea-level, were Venus to have oceans. Using Magellan observations of Venus, we model the impact of regional tectonism on sea-level for given areas of Venusian ocean, then compare the effect with terrestrial tectonic processes for similar oceanic area. We show that despite variation in the geographical extent of Venusian-style tectonic processes, the styles of regional tectonism on Venus can produce the same order of magnitude changes in sea-level, for a given area of ocean, as plate tectonics. Consequently, we examine some of the impacts of marine transgression on habitability and the evolution of life.

scholarly journals The Impact of Post-Manufacture Treatments on the Surface Characteristics Important for Finishing of OSB and Particleboard

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Antonio Copak ◽  
Vlatka Jirouš-Rajković ◽  
Nikola Španić ◽  
Josip Miklečić
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Surface Treatments ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Water Vapour Absorption ◽  
The Impact

Oriented strand board (OSB) is a commonly used structural wood-based panel for walls and roof siding, but recently the industry has become interested in OSB as a substrate for indoor and outdoor furniture. Particleboard is mainly used in furniture productions and has become popular as a construction material due to its numerous usage possibilities and inexpensive cost. Moisture is one of the most important factors affecting wood-based panel performance and the post-treatment conditions affected their affinity to water. When OSB and particleboard are used as substrates for coatings, their surface characteristics play an important role in determining the quality of the final product. Furthermore, roughness can significantly affect the interfacial phenomena such as adsorption, wetting, and adhesion which may have an impact on the coating performance. In this research particleboard and OSB panels were sanded, re-pressed and IR heated and the influence of surface treatments on hardness, roughness, wetting, water, and water vapour absorption was studied. Results showed that sanding improved the wetting of particleboard and OSB with water. Moreover, studied surface treatments increased water absorption and water penetration depth of OSB panels, and re-pressing had a positive effect on reducing the water vapour absorption of particleboard and OSB panels.

Toward a Robust Canopy Hydrology Scheme with Precipitation Subgrid Variability

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagang Wang ◽  
Guiling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Interception Loss ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Representation of the canopy hydrological processes has been challenging in land surface modeling due to the subgrid heterogeneity in both precipitation and surface characteristics. The Shuttleworth dynamic–statistical method is widely used to represent the impact of the precipitation subgrid variability on canopy hydrological processes but shows unwanted sensitivity to temporal resolution when implemented into land surface models. This paper presents a canopy hydrology scheme that is robust at different temporal resolutions. This scheme is devised by applying two physically based treatments to the Shuttleworth scheme: 1) the canopy hydrological processes within the rain-covered area are treated separately from those within the nonrain area, and the scheme tracks the relative rain location between adjacent time steps; and 2) within the rain-covered area, the canopy interception is so determined as to sustain the potential evaporation from the wetted canopy or is equal to precipitation, whichever is less, to maintain somewhat wet canopy during any rainy time step. When applied to the Amazon region, the new scheme establishes interception loss ratios of 0.3 at a 10-min time step and 0.23 at a 2-h time step. Compared to interception loss ratios of 0.45 and 0.09 at the corresponding time steps established by the original Shuttleworth scheme, the new scheme is much more stable under different temporal resolutions.

Programming Hypothesis on Life Phenomena and the Key Processes Simulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 647 ◽  
pp. 258-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ma ◽  
Shu Yan Li ◽  
Yi De Ma
Keyword(s):  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Programming Models ◽  
Life Process ◽  
Human Dna ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Control Chemical ◽  
C Value ◽  
Life Phenomena ◽  
High Level

The formula that life process follows is a major scientific mystery during centuries. Some people put programming thoughts into this field like Gates brought the idea that “Human DNA is like a computer program but far, far more advanced than any software we’ve ever created”[1]. Here we proposed a more specific hypothesis on this topic as that DNA is a set of p-code[2] and the enzymes which control chemical reactions and transport processes in cell metabolism are the basic instructions. Based on this hypothesis, some program models were developed successfully in this work to simulate the key processes of life phenomena: gene expression, cell division and differentiation, and life evolution. The results of these simulations show that there is a high level of similarity between life phenomena and computer programs; the process of cell differentiation and evolution of life can be explained in a programming way. These models also suggest that reflection technology[3, 4] is essential to life process. Besides, C-value paradox, N-value paradox[5] and pseudogene as well as some other biological problems could be also explained by these programming models. These conclusions imply that life phenomena are consistent with the concept of “process” in computer fields.

scholarly journals Mass transport of contaminated soil released into surface water by landslides (Göta River, SW Sweden)

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1879-1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Göransson ◽  
M. Larson ◽  
D. Bendz ◽  
M. Åkesson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Suspended Particle ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Suspended Sediment Transport ◽  
River Stretch ◽  
Landslide Mass ◽  
Exposure Pathway ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Landslides of contaminated soil into surface water represent an overlooked exposure pathway that has not been addressed properly in existing risk analysis for landslide hazard, contaminated land, or river basin management. A landslide of contaminated soil into surface water implies an instantaneous exposure of the water to the soil, dramatically changing the prerequisites for the mobilisation and transport of pollutants. In this study, an analytical approach is taken to simulate the transport of suspended matter released in connection with landslides into rivers. Different analytical solutions to the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) were tested against the measured data from the shallow rotational, retrogressive landslide in clayey sediments that took place in 1993 on the Göta River, SW Sweden. The landslide encompassed three distinct events, namely an initial submerged slide, followed by a main slide, and a retrogressive slide. These slides generated three distinct and non-Gaussian peaks in the online turbidity recordings at the freshwater intake downstream the slide area. To our knowledge, this registration of the impact on a river of the sediment release from a landslide is one of few of its kind in the world and unique for Sweden. Considering the low frequency of such events, the data from this landslide are highly useful for evaluating how appropriate the ADE is to describe the effects of landslides into surface water. The results yielded realistic predictions of the measured variation in suspended particle matter (SPM) concentration, after proper calibration. For the three individual slides it was estimated that a total of about 0.6% of the total landslide mass went into suspension and was transported downstream. This release corresponds to about 1 to 2% of the annual suspended sediment transport for that river stretch. The studied landslide partly involved an industrial area, and by applying the analytical solution to estimate the transport of metals in the sediments, it was found that landslides may release a significant amount of pollutants if large contaminated areas are involved. However, further studies are needed to develop more detailed descriptions of the transport processes. There is also a need to increase the knowledge on possible environmental consequences in the near and far field, in a short- and long-time perspective. In summary, the release of pollutants should not be neglected in landslide risk assessments.

scholarly journals INFRASTRUCTURE OF LOGISTIC WALKING FLOWS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PUSH I PULL CONCEPT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubov Lipych ◽  
Oksana Khilukha ◽  
Myroslava Kushnir
Keyword(s):  
Personal Space ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Pull System ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
The Impact

Due to the limited safety of pedestrians, as well as the ability to direct their movement according to the established infrastructure, the analysis of the impact of factors consistent with the concept of push/pull, seems justified and useful. The aim of the article is to try to apply the concepts of push / pull in terms of the impact of logistics infrastructure on the nature of pedestrian traffic. The components of the logistics infrastructure related to the movement of the population are public roads, roads of cities and other settlements, departmental (technological) roads, roads in private areas, providing access to external and internal vehicles and passengers. The nature of pedestrian traffic is determined by the decision-making process of a certain person when moving along a certain route. It is proved that the form and result of this process are influenced by psychological and social mechanisms. It is established the main psychological and social characteristics of pedestrian traffic: maintaining personal space, as a result of which people prefer to «move for», keeping a distance of ten or several tens of centimeters; avoidance of direct impact of discomfort (psychological and physical), ie «movement from» different intensities, depending on the scale of the projected threat; minimization of efforts that cause «movement against» the shortest way; conformism (tendency to succumb to group behavior and attitude to novelty, different levels of which determine belonging to groups of innovators, early followers, early majority, late majority and conservatives); cultural norms (modification of behavior based on the influence of learned principles). The article presents models of simple situations of pedestrian traffic, which in practice demonstrate the influence of determinants of push/pull factors. It is substantiated that simulation of pedestrian traffic allows to increase its safety. Pedestrian safety issues are particularly important due to the high risk of accidents and their impact on other transport processes. However, the current state of knowledge about the determinants of the push / pull system does not yet allow such a free and comprehensive modeling.

scholarly journals Mass transport of contaminated soil released into surface water by landslides (Göta River, SW Sweden)

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 10589-10633
Author(s):  
G. Göransson ◽  
M. Larson ◽  
D. Bendz ◽  
M. Åkesson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Landslide Hazard ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
River Stretch ◽  
Landslide Mass ◽  
Exposure Pathway ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Landslides of contaminated soil into surface water represent an overlooked exposure pathway that has not been addressed properly in existing risk analysis for landslide hazard, contaminated land, or river basin management. A landslide of contaminated soil into surface water implies an instantaneous exposure of the water to the contaminated soil, dramatically changing the prerequisites for the mobilisation and transport of pollutants. In this study, an analytical approach is taken to simulate the transport of suspended matter released in connection with landslides into rivers. Different analytical solutions to the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) were tested against the measured data from the shallow rotational, retrogressive landslide in clayey sediments that took place in 1993 on the Göta River, SW Sweden. The landslide encompassed three distinct events, namely an initial submerged slide, followed by a main slide, and a retrogressive slide. These slides generated three distinct and non-Gaussian peaks in the online turbidity recordings at the freshwater intake downstream the slide area. To our knowledge, this registration of the impact in a river of the sediment release from a landslide is one of the few of its kind in the world, and unique for Sweden considering the low frequency of landslide events, making it highly useful for evaluating how appropriate the ADE is to describe a landslide into surface water. The results yielded realistic predictions of the measured concentration variation, after proper calibration. For the three individual slides it was estimated that a total of about 0.6% (515 000 kg) of the total landslide mass went into suspension/was suspended and was transported downstream. This release corresponds to about 1 to 2% of the annual suspended sediment delivery for that river stretch. The studied landslide partly involved an industrial area and by applying the analytical solution for the transport of metals in the sediments it was found that landslides have the possibility to release a significant amount of pollutants if large contaminated areas are involved. However, further studies are needed to develop more detailed descriptions of the transport processes. There is also a need to increase the knowledge on possible environmental consequences in the near and far field, in a short and long-time perspective. Finally, the risk for the release of pollutants should not be neglected in landslide hazard and risk assessment.

scholarly journals Characterization of Modern and Historical Seismic–Tsunamic Events, and Their Global–Societal Impacts

2021 ◽  
pp. SP501-2021-17
Author(s):  
Yildirim Dilek ◽  
Yujiro Ogawa ◽  
Yasukini Okubo
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Management ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Global Banking ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Impact

AbstractEarthquakes and tsunamis are high–impact geohazard events that could be extremely destructive when they occur at large magnitudes and intensities, respectively, although their causes and potential locations are, for the most part, predictable within the framework of plate tectonics. Amongst the main reasons for their high impact include enormous numbers of casualties, extensive property damage in vast areas, and significant social and economic disruptions in urban settings where populous residential areas, global banking centres, industrial factories, and critical facilities (nuclear power plants, dams) may be located. In order to reduce the impact of these geohazards, the nations, societies, professional organizations and governments need to collaborate to prepare more effective seismic and tsunami risk assessments, disaster management plans, educational and training programmes for increased preparedness of the public, and strategic plans and objectives for capacity building, skill and knowledge transfer, and building of societal resilience. Improved building design and construction codes, and emergency preparedness and evacuation plans should be part of disaster management plans in countries where destructive earthquakes and tsunamis occurred earlier. Fast increasing population in coastal corridors in developing and developed countries is likely to escalate the social and economic impacts of these geohazards exponentially in the future. The chapters in this book present case studies of some of the most salient earthquake and tsunami events in historical and modern times, their origins and manifestations, and efforts and most effective practices of risk assessment and disaster management implemented by various governments, international organizations and inter–governmental agencies following these events. New methods of computing probabilistic seismic hazard risks, delineating respect distance and damage zones along–across seismically active faults and recognizing tsunamigenic and submarine landslides on the seafloor are introduced. The conclusions presented in the chapters show that: (1) scientific understanding of the characteristics of seismically active faults is paramount; (2) increased local (community), national and global resilience is necessary to empower societal preparedness for earthquake and tsunami events; and, (3) all stakeholders, including policy–makers, scientists, local, state and national governments, media, and world organizations (UNESCO, IUGS, GeoHazards International–GHI, Global Geodetic Observing System–GGOS; National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program–NEHRP) must work together to disseminate accurate and timely information on geohazards, to develop effective legislation for risk reduction, and to prepare realistic and practical hazard mitigation and management measures.

scholarly journals SPATIOLTEMPORAL MODELING THE IMPACT OF SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS VARIATIONS ON LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF SAMALGHAN VALLY

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W18 ◽  
pp. 401-405
Author(s):  
M. K. Firozjaei ◽  
M. Makki ◽  
J. Lentschke ◽  
M. Kiavarz ◽  
S. K. Alavipanah
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Spatiotemporal mapping and modeling of Land Surface Temperature (LST) variations and characterization of parameters affecting these variations are of great importance in various environmental studies. The aim of this study is a spatiotemporal modeling the impact of surface characteristics variations on LST variations for the studied area in Samalghan Valley. For this purpose, a set of satellite imagery and meteorological data measured at the synoptic station during 1988–2018, were used. First, single-channel algorithm, Tasseled Cap Transformation (TCT) and Biophysical Composition Index (BCI) were employed to estimate LST and surface biophysical parameters including brightness, greenness and wetness and BCI. Also, spatial modeling was used to modeling of terrain parameters including slope, aspect and local incident angle based on DEM. Finally, the principal component analysis (PCA) and the Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) were used to modeling and investigate the impact of surface characteristics variations on LST variations. The results indicated that surface characteristics vary significantly for case study in spatial and temporal dimensions. The correlation coefficient between the PC1 of LST and PC1s of brightness, greenness, wetness, BCI, DEM, and solar local incident angle were 0.65, −0.67, −0.56, 0.72, −0.43 and 0.53, respectively. Furthermore, the coefficient coefficient and RMSE between the observed LST variation and modelled LST variation based on PC1s of brightness, greenness, wetness, BCI, DEM, and local incident angle were 0.83 and 0.14, respectively. The results of study indicated the LST variation is a function of s terrain and surface biophysical parameters variations.

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